1 - AS 4234-1994 SOLAR WATER HEATERS - DOMESTIC AND HEAT PUMP - CALCULATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
6 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
6 - 1.1 SCOPE
6 - 1.2 APPLICATION
7 - 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
7 - 1.4 DEFINITIONS
7 - 1.4.1 Absorber
7 - 1.4.2 Angle of incidence
7 - 1.4.3 Angle of inclination
7 - 1.4.4 Close-coupled solar water heater
7 - 1.4.5 Collector
7 - 1.4.6 Collector aperture
7 - 1.4.7 Container
7 - 1.4.8 Electricity tariffs
7 - 1.4.9 Irradiance
8 - 1.4.10 Irradiation
8 - 1.4.11 Solar water heater
8 - 1.4.12 Load
8 - 1.4.13 Heat pump water heater
8 - 1.5 NOTATION
9 - SECTION 2 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PROCEDURE
9 - 2.1 INTRODUCTION
9 - 2.2 COMPONENT TESTING
9 - 2.2.1 Electric boosted storage vessels
9 - 2.2.2 Electric storage vessels with raised elements
9 - 2.2.3 Gas boosted storage vessels
9 - 2.2.4 Heat pump storage water heaters
9 - 2.2.5 Solar collector efficiency
10 - 2.3 WATER HEATER CONFIGURATION
10 - 2.3.1 Solar collector orientation
10 - 2.3.2 Solar storage tank auxiliary input
11 - SECTION 3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
11 - 3.1 ANNUAL TASK PERFORMANCE
11 - 3.1.1 Solar Water Heaters
11 - 3.1.2 Heat pump water heaters
11 - 3.2 WEATHER DATA
11 - 3.3 THERMAL ENERGY LOADS
11 - 3.4 COLD WATER TEMPERATURE
11 - 3.5 LOAD CAPACITY
12 - 3.6 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
12 - 3.6.1 Energy savings relative to conventional water heaters
12 - 3.6.2 Documentation of simulation model inputs
13 - APPENDIX A - STANDARD OPERATING CONDITIONS
13 - A1 OFF-PEAK BOOSTING TIMES
13 - A2 SOLAR COLLECTOR ORIENTATION
13 - A3 WEATHER DATA
15 - A4 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
15 - A4.1 Daily thermal load
15 - A4.2 Hourly Loads
15 - A4.3 Seasonal load profile
16 - A5 COLD WATER TEMPERATURE
17 - A6 NO- SOLAR TEST CONDITIONS
17 - A7 RELATIVE ENERGY SAVINGS
17 - A7.1 Reference conventional water heaters
18 - A7.2 Annual purchased energy
19 - APPENDIX B - STANDING HEAT LOSS TEST PROCEDURE FOR RAISED ELEMENT TANKS
19 - B1 SCOPE
19 - B2 PRINCIPLE
19 - B3 TEST APPARATUS
19 - B4 TEST CONDITIONS
19 - B4.1 Insulation of fittings
19 - B4.2 Air Temperature
19 - B4.3 Air Circulation
19 - B4.4 Thermostat Setting
19 - B5 PROCEDURE
20 - B6 CALCULATIONS
21 - APPENDIX C - SYSTEM CONFIGURATION SPECIFICATION
21 - C1 THERMOSYPHON SOLAR WATER HEATER
21 - C1.1 Solar collector efficiency parameters
21 - C1.2 Solar collector configuration
22 - C1.3 Collector connections
23 - C1.4 Solar storage tank
24 - C2 PUMPED CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER
24 - C2.1 Solar collector efficiency parameters
24 - C2.2 Solar collector configuration
24 - C2.3 Solar collector connections
24 - C2.4 Pump and controller
25 - C2.5 Solar storage tank
25 - C3 HEAT PUMP WATER HEATER
25 - C3.1 Flat plate evaporator efficiency parameters
25 - C3.2 Evaporator configuration
26 - C3.3 Heat pump storage tank
26 - C3.4 Heat pump condenser (wrap around coil)
26 - C3.5 Heat pump compressor
27 - C3.6 Controller (in-tank thermostat)
27 - C4 AUXILIARY BOOSTING (all system configurations)
28 - C5 LOAD PARAMETERS
28 - C5.1 Average load
29 - C5.2 Hourly load pattern
30 - C5.3 Seasonal load pattern
31 - APPENDIX D - TRNSYS SIMULATION PROGRAM
32 - APPENDIX E - SOLAR WATER HEATER TASK PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
32 - E1 NONLINEAR SOLAR COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY CHARACTERIZATION
33 - E2 OPTICAL RESPONSE FUNCTIONS
33 - E2.1 Symmetric collectors
33 - E2.2 Data table of incidence angle modifier values
33 - E2.3 Collectors with north-south and east-west symmetry
33 - E2.4 Incidence angle modifier map
33 - E2.5 Collectors with east-west symmetry only
33 - E3 COLLECTOR CONFIGURATION
33 - E3.1 Collector heat removal via heat pipe
33 - E3.2 Thermosyphon systems with collector loop heat exchanger
33 - E3.3 Serpentine riser solar collector
33 - E3.4 Thermal cut-off valve in the thermosyphon loop
34 - E4 STORAGE TANK CONFIGURATION
34 - E4.1 Over-temperature relief valve
34 - E4.2 Two auxiliary elements in a thermally stratified storage tank
34 - E5 ENERGY LOAD SPECIFICATION
34 - E6 AUSTRALIAN SOLAR RADIATION DATA (TYPICAL METEOROLOGICAL YEAR)
34 - E7 REFERENCES