Foreword
1. Introduction
2. Scope
Bibliography
3. Nanomaterials: description and manufacturing
3.1. Engineered nanomaterials
3.1.1. Carbon containing nanomaterials
3.1.2. Oxides
3.1.3. Metals
3.1.4. Quantum dots
3.1.5. Organic polymeric nanomaterials
3.1.6. Bio-inspired nanomaterials
3.2. Production processes
3.2.1. Typical production processes
3.2.2. Aerosol generation methods
3.2.3. Vapor deposition methods
3.2.4. Colloidal/self-assembly methods
3.2.5. Electrodeposition
3.2.6. Electro-spinning
3.2.7. Attrition methods
Bibliography
4. Hazard characterization
4.1. Health effects
4.1.1. Basic principles and uncertainties
4.1.2. Potential relevance of health effects information
about incidental or naturally-occurring
nanoparticles and nanofibers
4.1.3. Relationship between toxicity and surface area,
surface chemistry, and particle number
4.1.4. Inflammatory response to nanoparticles
4.1.5. Animal and cell-culture studies
4.1.6. Observations from epidemiological studies involving
fine and nanoscale particles
4.2. Physical hazards
4.2.1. Fire (exothermic events)
4.2.2. Safety considerations in manufacturing nanomaterials
Bibliography
5. Exposure assessment to nanomaterials
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Scientific framework for assessing exposure to nanomaterials
5.2.1. Routes of exposure
5.2.2. Metric for assessing exposure to airborne nanomaterials
5.3. Review of methods for characterizing exposure to nanoparticles
5.3.1. General
5.3.2. Mass concentration
5.3.3. Number concentration
5.3.4. Surface area concentration
5.3.5. Nanoparticle size distribution measurement
5.3.6. Sample collection for material characterization
5.3.7. Measurement of high length: width aspect ratio
particles of nanomaterials
5.3.8. Sampling strategy issues
5.4. Dermal exposure assessment
5.4.1. Sampling
5.4.2. Sample characterization
5.5. Dose (internal exposure) assessment
5.6. Discussion
Bibliography
6. Risk assessment in occupational settings
6.1. Introduction and scope
6.2. Risk assessment for nanomaterials
6.2.1. Quantitative and qualitative risk assessment
6.2.2. Hazard identification
6.2.3. Exposure-response assessment
6.2.4. Exposure assessment
6.2.5. Risk characterization
6.3. Conclusions
Bibliography
7. Control methodologies
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Implication of risk assessment in regard to control
methodologies
7.2.1. Strategies for control
7.3. Examination of control methodologies
7.3.1. Exposure prevention
7.3.2. Control strategies
7.3.3. Eliminating the hazards through effective design
7.3.4. Substitution of raw materials, products, processes
and equipment
7.3.5. Engineering control techniques
7.3.6. Administrative means for the control of workplace
exposures
7.3.7. Evaluating the work environment
7.3.8. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
7.4. Health surveillance
7.5. Product stewardship
Bibliography
Appendix 7.1. Assigned protection factors (APFs) for respirators
(from USACHPPM 55-011-1106). A comparison of past
and present APFs
Appendix 7.2. Advantages and disadvantages of different types
of Air-Purifying Particulate Respirators - using
information from the U. S. NIOSH Respirator
Selection Logic.
Annex A. Symbols and abbreviated terms