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  • EN 14081-1:2016

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    Superseded A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.
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    Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section - Part 1: General requirements

    Available format(s): 

    Superseded date:  07-03-2022

    Language(s): 

    Published date:  10-02-2016

    Publisher:  Comite Europeen de Normalisation

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    Table of Contents - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    European foreword
    Introduction
    1 Scope
    2 Normative references
    3 Terms and definitions
    4 Symbols
    5 Requirements for structural timber
    6 Assessment and verification of constancy of
      performance - AVCP
    7 Marking
    8 Environmental issues
    Annex A (normative) - Requirements for strength reducing
                          characteristics for visual grading standards
    Annex B (normative) - Marking codes for species
    Annex C (normative) - Measurement of moisture content
    Annex ZA (informative) - Clauses of this European Standard
             addressing the provisions of the
             EU Construction Products Regulation
    Bibliography

    Abstract - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    This European Standard specifies requirements for strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections either visual or machine graded, shaped by sawing, planning or other methods and with cross-sectional dimensions complying with EN 336 (referred to as structural timber in the following clauses).This European Standard includes provisions for test methods, Assessment and Verification of Constancy of Performance and marking of structural timber.NOTE 1For machine strength graded timber additional provisions for type testing (TT) are given in EN 14081-2 and for factory production control (FPC) in EN 14081-3.NOTE 2An acceptance procedure for verification of a lot is given in EN 14358 which may be used for a delivery of structural timber.This European Standard identifies characteristics for which limits have to be given in visual grading standards.This European Standard covers structural timber, untreated or treated against biological attack.This European Standard does not cover:-timber treated by fire retardant products to improve its fire performance;-thermally and/or chemically modified timber;-structural finger jointed timber.

    General Product Information - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Development Note Supersedes EN 518 and EN 519. (03/2006) Supersedes EN 14081-4 & PREN 14081-1. (02/2016)
    Document Type Standard
    Publisher Comite Europeen de Normalisation
    Status Superseded
    Superseded By
    Supersedes

    Standards Referenced By This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    PREN 15497 : DRAFT 2011 STRUCTURAL FINGER JOINTED SOLID TIMBER - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND MINIMUM PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
    11/30237554 DC : 0 BS EN 14732 - TIMBER STRUCTURES - PREFABRICATED WALL, FLOOR AND ROOF ELEMENTS - REQUIREMENTS
    09/30203195 DC : 0 BS EN 15497 - FINGER JOINTED STRUCTURAL TIMBER - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND MINIMUM PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
    14/30298224 DC : 0 BS EN 16737 - STRUCTURAL TIMBER - VISUAL STRENGTH GRADING OF TROPICAL HARDWOOD
    06/30149612 DC : 0 EN 409 - TIMBER STRUCTURES - TEST METHODS - DETERMINATION OF THE YIELD MOMENT OF DOWEL TYPE FASTENERS
    UNE-EN 14081-3:2012 Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section - Part 3: Machine grading; additional requirements for factory production control
    I.S. EN 14081-3:2012 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 3: MACHINE GRADING; ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FACTORY PRODUCTION CONTROL
    EN 1995-1-1:2004/A2:2014 EUROCODE 5: DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-1: GENERAL - COMMON RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDINGS
    DIN EN 14250 E : 2010 TIMBER STRUCTURES - PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS FOR PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ASSEMBLED WITH PUNCHED METAL PLATE FASTENERS
    BS EN 1995-1-1 : 2012 EUROCODE 5: DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-1: GENERAL - COMMON RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDINGS
    BS EN 1380:2009 Timber structures. Test methods. Load bearing nails, screws, dowels and bolts
    EN 16351:2015 Timber structures - Cross laminated timber - Requirements
    EN 14250:2010 Timber structures - Product requirements for prefabricated structural members assembled with punched metal plate fasteners
    I.S. EN 1995-1-2:2005 EUROCODE 5: DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-2: GENERAL - STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN (INCLUDING IRISH NATIONAL ANNEX)
    DIN EN 15228:2009-08 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRUCTURAL TIMBER PRESERVATIVE TREATED AGAINST BIOLOGICAL ATTACK
    16/30340577 DC : 0 BS EN 1309-3 - ROUND AND SAWN TIMBER - METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS - PART 3: FEATURES AND BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATIONS
    DIN EN 15497:2014-07 STRUCTURAL FINGER JOINTED SOLID TIMBER - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND MINIMUM PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
    11/30236369 DC : 0 BS EN 14080 - TIMBER STRUCTURES - GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER AND GLUED SOLID TIMBER
    BS EN 16351:2015 Timber structures. Cross laminated timber. Requirements
    UNI EN 15228 : 2009 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRUCTURAL TIMBER PRESERVATIVE TREATED AGAINST BIOLOGICAL ATTACK
    UNI EN 15497 : 2014 STRUCTURAL FINGER JOINTED SOLID TIMBER - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND MINIMUM PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
    UNE-EN 16737:2016 Structural timber - Visual strength grading of tropical hardwood
    UNE-EN 1309-3:2018 Round and sawn timber - Methods of measurements - Part 3: Features and biological degradations
    DIN EN 1380:2009-07 TIMBER STRUCTURES - TEST METHODS - LOAD BEARING NAILS, SCREWS, DOWELS AND BOLTS
    DIN EN 1912:2013-10 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRENGTH CLASSES - ASSIGNMENT OF VISUAL GRADES AND SPECIES
    DIN EN 1995-1-2 E : 2010 EUROCODE 5: DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-2: GENERAL - STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
    DIN EN 1995-1-1:2010-12 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings (includes Corrigendum AC:2006 + Amendment A1:2008)
    DIN EN 14250:2010-05 Timber structures - Product requirements for prefabricated structural members assembled with punched metal plate fasteners
    UNE-EN 14080:2013 Timber structures - Glued laminated timber and glued solid timber - Requirements
    BS EN 1912:2012 Structural Timber. Strength classes. Assignment of visual grades and species
    I.S. EN 1380:2009 TIMBER STRUCTURES - TEST METHODS - LOAD BEARING NAILS, SCREWS, DOWELS AND BOLTS
    I.S. EN 14081-2:2010 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 2: MACHINE GRADING; ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INITIAL TYPE TESTING
    I.S. EN 1912:2012 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRENGTH CLASSES - ASSIGNMENT OF VISUAL GRADES AND SPECIES
    I.S. EN 14250:2010 TIMBER STRUCTURES - PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS FOR PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ASSEMBLED WITH PUNCHED METAL PLATE FASTENERS
    BS EN 15497:2014 Structural finger jointed solid timber. Performance requirements and minimum production requirements
    10/30229277 DC : 0 BS EN 1912 - STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRENGTH CLASSES - ASSIGNMENT OF VISUAL GRADES AND SPECIES
    BS EN 15228:2009 Structural timber. Structural timber preservative treated against biological attack
    PREN 17121 : DRAFT 2017 CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE - HISTORIC TIMBER STRUCTURES - GUIDELINES FOR THE ON SITE ASSESSMENT
    I.S. EN 16351:2015 TIMBER STRUCTURES - CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER - REQUIREMENTS
    I.S. EN 16737:2016 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - VISUAL STRENGTH GRADING OF TROPICAL HARDWOOD
    16/30338540 DC : 0 BS EN 14081-2 - TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 2: MACHINE GRADING, ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INITIAL TYPE TESTING
    EN 1309-3:2018 Round and sawn timber - Methods of measurements - Part 3: Features and biological degradations
    UNE-EN 14250:2010 Timber structures - Product requirements for prefabricated structural members assembled with punched metal plate fasteners
    UNE-EN 384:2016 Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density
    I.S. EN 14080:2013 TIMBER STRUCTURES - GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER AND GLUED SOLID TIMBER - REQUIREMENTS
    UNE-EN 14081-2:2010 Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section - Part 2: Machine grading; additional requirements for initial type testing
    EN 14081-2:2010+A1:2012 Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section - Part 2: Machine grading; additional requirements for initial type testing
    UNI EN 14081-3 : 2012 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 3: MACHINE GRADING; ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FACTORY PRODUCTION CONTROL
    UNI EN 1995-1-2 : 2005 EUROCODE 5 - DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-2: GENERAL - STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
    UNI EN 14080 : 2013 TIMBER STRUCTURES - GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER AND GLUED SOLID TIMBER - REQUIREMENTS
    UNI EN 1912 : 2012 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRENGTH CLASSES - ASSIGNMENT OF VISUAL GRADES AND SPECIES
    UNI EN 14250 : 2010 TIMBER STRUCTURES - PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS FOR PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ASSEMBLED WITH PUNCHED METAL PLATE FASTENERS
    UNI EN 14081-4 : 2009-07 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 4: MACHINE GRADING - GRADING MACHINE SETTINGS FOR MACHINE CONTROLLED SYSTEMS
    UNI EN 1995-1-1 : 2014 EUROCODE 5 - DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-1: GENERAL - COMMON RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDINGS
    UNI EN 14081-2 : 2013 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 2: MACHINE GRADING; ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INITIAL TYPE TESTING
    UNI EN 1380 : 2009 TIMBER STRUCTURES - TEST METHODS - LOAD BEARING NAILS, SCREWS, DOWELS AND BOLTS
    DIN EN 16351:2015-12 Timber structures - Cross laminated timber - Requirements
    I.S. EN 15497:2014 STRUCTURAL FINGER JOINTED SOLID TIMBER - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND MINIMUM PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
    11/30249114 DC : 0 BS EN 15497 - STRUCTURAL FINGER JOINTED SOLID TIMBER - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND MINIMUM PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
    I.S. EN 1995-1-1:2005 EUROCODE 5: DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-1: GENERAL - COMMON RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDINGS
    I.S. EN 14081-4:2009 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 4: MACHINE GRADING - GRADING MACHINE SETTINGS FOR MACHINE CONTROLLED SYSTEMS
    DIN EN 16351 E : 2015 TIMBER STRUCTURES - CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER - REQUIREMENTS
    13/30286100 DC : 0 BS EN 384 - STRUCTURAL TIMBER - DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DENSITY
    PREN 14592 : DRAFT 2017 TIMBER STRUCTURES - DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS - REQUIREMENTS
    PREN 14081-2 : DRAFT 2016 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 2: MACHINE GRADING, ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INITIAL TYPE TESTING
    10/30227077 DC : 0 BS EN 14081-3 - TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 3: MACHINE GRADING; ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FACTORY PRODUCTION CONTROL
    09/30193698 DC : DRAFT JAN 2009 BS EN 14080 - TIMBER STRUCTURES - GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER AND GLUED LAMINATED SOLID TIMBER - REQUIREMENTS
    07/30152878 DC : DRAFT AUG 2007 BS EN 14250 - TIMBER STRUCTURES - PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS FOR PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ASSEMBLED WITH PUNCHED METAL PLATE FASTENERS
    DIN EN 16737 E : 2016 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - VISUAL STRENGTH GRADING OF TROPICAL HARDWOOD
    UNE-EN 1995-1-2:2016 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-2: General - Structural fire design.
    PREN 384 : DRAFT 2013 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DENSITY
    PREN 1912 : DRAFT 2010 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRENGTH CLASSES - ASSIGNMENT OF VISUAL GRADES AND SPECIES
    17/30357806 DC : 0 BS EN 17121 - CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE - HISTORIC TIMBER STRUCTURES - GUIDELINES FOR THE ON SITE ASSESSMENT
    DIN EN 14081-2:2016-06 (Draft) TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 2: MACHINE GRADING; ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INITIAL TYPE TESTING
    DIN EN 14080:2013-09 TIMBER STRUCTURES - GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER AND GLUED SOLID TIMBER - REQUIREMENTS
    BS EN 384:2010 Structural timber. Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density
    BS EN 14081-2 : 2010 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 2: MACHINE GRADING; ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INITIAL TYPE TESTING
    UNE-EN 16351:2016 Timber structures - Cross laminated timber - Requirements
    BS EN 14081-3 : 2012 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 3: MACHINE GRADING; ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FACTORY PRODUCTION CONTROL
    BS EN 1995-1-2:2004 Eurocode 5. Design of timber structures General - Structural fire design
    UNE-EN 1995-1-1:2016 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings.
    BS EN 14250:2010 Timber structures. Product requirements for prefabricated structural members assembled with punched metal plate fasteners
    BS EN 14080:2013 Timber structures. Glued laminated timber and glued solid timber. Requirements
    UNE-EN 1912:2012 Structural Timber - Strength classes - Assignment of visual grades and species
    DIN EN 14081-3:2012-04 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 3: MACHINE GRADING; ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FACTORY PRODUCTION CONTROL
    EN 14080:2013 Timber structures - Glued laminated timber and glued solid timber - Requirements
    EN 384:2016 Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density
    EN 14081-3:2012 Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section - Part 3: Machine grading; additional requirements for factory production control
    EN 1995-1-2:2004/AC:2009 EUROCODE 5: DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-2: GENERAL - STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
    EN 15497:2014 Structural finger jointed solid timber - Performance requirements and minimum production requirements
    EN 1380:2009 Timber structures - Test methods - Load bearing nails, screws, dowels and bolts
    EN 1912:2012/AC:2013 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRENGTH CLASSES - ASSIGNMENT OF VISUAL GRADES AND SPECIES
    EN 16737:2016 Structural timber - Visual strength grading of tropical hardwood
    EN 15228:2009 Structural timber - Structural timber preservative treated against biological attack
    DIN EN 15228 E : 2009 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRUCTURAL TIMBER PRESERVATIVE TREATED AGAINST BIOLOGICAL ATTACK
    DIN EN 16737:2016-09 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - VISUAL STRENGTH GRADING OF TROPICAL HARDWOOD
    UNE-EN 15497:2014 Structural finger jointed solid timber - Performance requirements and minimum production requirements
    I.S. EN 1309-3:2018 ROUND AND SAWN TIMBER - METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS - PART 3: FEATURES AND BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATIONS
    BS EN 16737:2016 Structural timber. Visual strength grading of tropical hardwood
    DIN EN 15497 E : 2014 STRUCTURAL FINGER JOINTED SOLID TIMBER - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND MINIMUM PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
    06/30149615 DC : 0 EN 1380 - TIMBER STRUCTURES - TEST METHODS - LOAD BEARING NAILS, SCREWS, DOWELS AND BOLTS
    11/30253102 DC : 0 BS EN 16351 - TIMBER STRUCTURES - CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER - REQUIREMENTS
    08/30159962 DC : 0 BS EN 384 - STRUCTURAL TIMBER - DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DENSITY
    08/30159958 DC : DRAFT JUNE 2008 BS EN 338 - STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRENGTH CLASSES
    I.S. EN 15228:2009 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRUCTURAL TIMBER PRESERVATIVE TREATED AGAINST BIOLOGICAL ATTACK
    DIN EN 1995-1-1 E : 2010 EUROCODE 5: DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-1: GENERAL - COMMON RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDINGS
    BS EN 14081-4:2009 Timber structures. Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section Machine grading. Grading machine settings for machine controlled systems
    DIN EN 1995-1-2:2010-12 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-2: General - Structural fire design (includes Corrigendum AC:2009)
    DIN EN 14081-4:2009-06 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 4: MACHINE GRADING - GRADING MACHINE SETTINGS FOR MACHINE CONTROLLED SYSTEMS
    DIN EN 14081-4:2009-10 TIMBER STRUCTURES - STRENGTH GRADED STRUCTURAL TIMBER WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION - PART 4: MACHINE GRADING - GRADING MACHINE SETTINGS FOR MACHINE CONTROLLED SYSTEMS

    Standards Referencing This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    EN 1310 : 1997 ROUND AND SAWN TIMBER - METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF FEATURES
    EN 13183-3:2005 Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 3: Estimation by capacitance method
    EN 350-1:1994 Durability of wood and wood-based products - Natural durability of solid wood - Part 1: Guide to the principles of testing and classification of the natural durability of wood
    EN 1912:2012/AC:2013 STRUCTURAL TIMBER - STRENGTH CLASSES - ASSIGNMENT OF VISUAL GRADES AND SPECIES
    EN 335:2013 Durability of wood and wood-based products - Use classes: definitions, application to solid wood and wood-based products
    EN 14081-2:2010+A1:2012 Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section - Part 2: Machine grading; additional requirements for initial type testing
    EN 16485:2014 Round and sawn timber - Environmental Product Declarations - Product category rules for wood and wood-based products for use in construction
    EN 15804:2012 Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products
    EN ISO 3166-1:2014 Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions - Part 1: Country codes (ISO 3166-1:2013)
    EN 13501-2:2016 Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 2: Classification using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services
    EN 844-7 : 1997 ROUND AND SAWN TIMBER - TERMINOLOGY - PART 7: TERMS RELATING TO ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF TIMBER
    EN 13556:2003 Round and sawn timber - Nomenclature of timbers used in Europe
    EN 13238:2010 Reaction to fire tests for building products - Conditioning procedures and general rules for selection of substrates
    EN 16449:2014 Wood and wood-based products - Calculation of the biogenic carbon content of wood and conversion to carbon dioxide
    EN 13823:2010+A1:2014 REACTION TO FIRE TESTS FOR BUILDING PRODUCTS - BUILDING PRODUCTS EXCLUDING FLOORINGS EXPOSED TO THE THERMAL ATTACK BY A SINGLE BURNING ITEM
    EN 350-2:1994 Durability of wood and wood-based products - Natural durability of solid wood - Part 2: Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe
    EN 13183-2:2002/AC:2003 MOISTURE CONTENT OF A PIECE OF SAWN TIMBER - ESTIMATION BY ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE METHOD
    EN 336:2013 Structural timber - Sizes, permitted deviations
    EN ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems - Requirements (ISO 9001:2015)
    EN 15942:2011 Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Communication format business-to-business
    EN 1995-1-2:2004/AC:2009 EUROCODE 5: DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES - PART 1-2: GENERAL - STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
    EN 844-10 : 1998 FOUND AND SAWN TIMBER - TERMINOLOGY - PART 10: TERMS RELATING TO STAIN AND FUNGAL ATTACK
    ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems — Requirements
    EN 338:2016 Structural timber - Strength classes
    ISO 3166-1:2013 Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions Part 1: Country codes
    EN 14358:2016 Timber structures - Calculation and verification of characteristic values
    EN 844-9 : 1997 ROUND AND SAWN TIMBER - TERMINOLOGY - PART 9: TERMS RELATING TO FEATURES OF SAWN TIMBER
    EN 14081-3:2012 Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section - Part 3: Machine grading; additional requirements for factory production control
    EN 15228:2009 Structural timber - Structural timber preservative treated against biological attack
    EN 384:2016 Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density
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