INTRODUCTION
1 Scope and object
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Surface heating of vessels and piping systems
4.1 Application description
4.1.1 General
4.1.2 Environmental conditions
4.1.3 Trace heating systems considerations
4.2 Design information - General
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Electrical system design
4.2.3 Control and monitoring
4.2.4 Trace heating system design
4.2.5 Design information documentation
4.3 Thermal system design
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Design conditions
4.3.3 Thermal insulation
4.3.4 Heat loss determination
4.3.5 Design safety factor
4.3.6 Heat-up considerations
4.3.7 Selection of trace heater
4.3.8 Design calculations
4.3.9 Theoretical sheath temperature calculations -
Metallic pipe applications
4.3.10 Theoretical sheath temperature calculations -
Non-metallic pipe applications
4.3.11 Design documentation
4.3.12 Start-up at low ambient temperatures
4.3.13 Long trace heater circuits
4.3.14 Chimney effect
4.4 Electrical design
4.5 Control and monitoring system design
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Mechanical controllers
4.5.3 Electronic controllers
4.5.4 Application suitability
4.5.5 Location of controllers
4.5.6 Location of sensors
4.5.7 Alarm considerations
4.5.8 Integrated control
4.5.9 Flow pattern analysis
4.5.10 Dead-leg control technique
4.6 Special design considerations
4.6.1 General
4.6.2 Freeze protection systems
4.6.3 Sprinkler systems, fire suppression
4.6.4 Hot water services/tempered water
4.6.5 Specialty lines
4.7 Installation
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Personnel aspects
4.7.3 Preparatory work
4.7.4 Preliminary installation of trace heating circuits
4.7.5 Insulation resistance test
4.7.6 Installation of trace heater systems
4.7.7 Installation of control and monitoring equipment
4.7.8 Necessary modifications
4.7.9 Installation of the thermal insulation system
4.7.10 Installation of electrical power
4.7.11 Commissioning
4.8 Maintenance
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Training of maintenance personnel
4.8.3 Frequency of inspection
4.8.4 Maintenance program documentation
4.8.5 Visual evaluation
4.8.6 Electrical evaluation
4.8.7 Review of the electrical protection system
4.9 Repair
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 Fault location
4.9.3 Practicability of repair to electric trace heaters
4.9.4 Repair techniques for electrical trace heaters
5 Roof and gutter de-icing
5.1 Application description
5.2 Design information - General
5.3 Thermal design
5.4 Electrical design
5.5 Control and monitoring system design
5.6 Special design considerations
5.7 Installation
5.7.1 General
5.7.2 Trace heaters and component mounting
5.8 Maintenance
5.9 Repair
6 Rail heating
6.1 Application description
6.1.1 Point heating
6.1.2 Contact/live rail heating
6.1.3 Track heating
6.1.4 Catenary/pantograph shoe heating
6.2 Design information
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Weather data
6.2.3 Surface description
6.2.4 System design
6.2.5 Performance level classification
6.3 Thermal design
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Typical heating load
6.4 Electrical design
6.5 Control and monitoring system design
6.6 Special design considerations
6.6.1 Electrical considerations
6.6.2 Finite element analysis
6.7 Installation
6.8 Maintenance
6.9 Repair
7 Snow melting
7.1 Application description
7.2 Design information
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Weather data
7.2.3 Construction details of workpiece
7.2.4 Electrical considerations
7.2.5 System performance level
7.2.6 Trace heater layout and component mounting
7.3 Thermal design - Power output (heat load) determination
7.4 Electrical design
7.5 Control and monitoring system design
7.6 Special design considerations
7.7 Installation
7.8 Maintenance
7.9 Repair
8 Floor warming
8.1 Application description
8.2 Design information
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Environmental data
8.2.3 Construction details of workpiece
8.2.4 Electrical considerations
8.2.5 Trace heater layout and component mounting
8.3 Thermal design - Heat load determination
8.4 Electrical design
8.5 Control and monitoring system design
8.6 Special design consideration
8.7 Installation
8.8 Maintenance
8.9 Repair
9 Frost heave prevention
9.1 Application description
9.2 Design information
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Construction details of the floor
9.2.3 Electrical considerations
9.3 Heat load determination
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 Trace heater layout and component mounting
9.4 Electrical design
9.5 Control and monitoring system design
9.5.1 Control options
9.5.2 Monitoring
9.6 Special design considerations
9.7 Installation
9.8 Maintenance
9.9 Repair
10 Underground thermal energy storage systems
10.1 Application description
10.2 Design information
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Environmental data
10.2.3 Construction details of building
10.2.4 Electrical considerations
10.2.5 Trace heater layout and component mounting
10.3 Thermal design - Heat-loss determination
10.4 Electrical design
10.5 Control and monitoring system design
10.6 Special design considerations when trace heaters
are located in sand layer
10.7 Installation
10.7.1 General
10.7.2 Installation in sand
10.7.3 Installation in concrete
10.8 Maintenance
10.9 Repair
Annex A (informative) - Pre-installation checks
Annex B (informative) - Trace heater commissioning record
Annex C (informative) - Maintenance schedule and log record
Bibliography