Provides: a) guidance in PFD analysis of logic solvers; b) a method to determine the PFD of logic solvers; c) failure rates and failure modes of logic solvers; d) the impact of diagnostics, diagnostic coverage, covert faults, test intervals, common cause, systematic failures, redundancy of logic solvers on the PFD of the logic solver; and e) a method for the verification of PFD of logic solvers.