1 Overview
1.1 Scope
1.2 How to determine line parameters
2 References
3 Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
4 One-ended impedance-based measurement techniques
4.1 Implementation: data and equipment required
4.2 System parameters and main sources of error: fault
resistance and load
4.3 Algorithms
5 Two-terminal data methods
5.1 Implementation: data and equipment required
5.2 System parameters
5.3 Algorithms
6 Other fault location applications
6.1 Three-terminal
6.2 Series-compensated lines
6.3 Parallel lines
6.4 Distribution system faults
6.5 Locating faults on underground cables, paralleled cable
circuits
6.6 Automatic reclosing effects on fault locating
6.7 Effect of tapped load
6.8 Phase selection, fault identification, sequential faults
6.9 Long lines and reactor and capacitor installations
6.10 Short duration faults
6.11 Effect of untransposed lines on accuracy of line parameters
6.12 Comparison of one-terminal and two-terminal impedance-based
methods
7 Traveling wave techniques
7.1 Data and equipment required
7.2 Accuracy limitations
7.3 Traveling wave methods
8 Other techniques
8.1 Methods using synchronized phasors
8.2 Methods requiring time-tagging of the events
9 Conclusion
Annex A (informative) Bibliography
Annex B (informative) Additional information on series-compensated
lines