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  • IEEE C37.91-2008 REDLINE

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    Superseded A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.
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    IEEE Guide for Protecting Power Transformers

    Available format(s):  PDF

    Superseded date:  07-08-2021

    Language(s):  English

    Published date:  30-05-2008

    Publisher:  Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers

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    Table of Contents - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    1 Overview
       1.1 Scope
       1.2 Purpose
    2 Normative references
    3 Definitions
    4 Device numbers
    5 Philosophy and economic considerations
    6 Types of failures in transformers
    7 Relay currents
       7.1 Minimum internal faults
       7.2 Maximum internal faults
       7.3 Performance of current transformers
       7.4 Reasons for mismatch
    8 Electrical detection of faults
       8.1 Fuse protection and self-powered resettable fault
            interrupters
       8.2 Differential protection
       8.3 Overcurrent relay protection
       8.4 Ground-fault protection
       8.5 Fault detection for special-purpose transformers
       8.6 Backup and external fault protection
       8.7 Temperature relays
       8.8 Miscellaneous
    9 Mechanical detection of faults
       9.1 Gas accumulator relay
       9.2 Gas detector relay
       9.3 Pressure relays
    10 Thermal detection of abnormalities
       10.1 Thermal relays for winding temperature
       10.2 Other means of thermal protection
    11 Fault clearing
       11.1 Relay tripping circuits
       11.2 Circuit breakers
       11.3 Tripping of remote circuit breakers
       11.4 Circuit switcher
       11.5 Fuses
       11.6 Self-powered resettable fault interrupters
    12 Reenergizing practice
    13 Gas analysis
       13.1 Level of TDCG and rate of change of TDCG approach
       13.2 Ratio of gases approach
    14 Special protective schemes
       14.1 Overall unit generator differential
       14.2 Unit transformer of three-legged core form type
       14.3 Grounding transformer inside the main transformer
            differential zone
       14.4 Unbalanced voltage protection for wye-connected,
            three-legged, core-type transformers
       14.5 Differential protection of single-phase transformers
            connected in three-phase banks
       14.6 Differential protection of a bank of three single-phase
            autotransformers with delta tertiary
       14.7 Differential protection of single-phase transformers
            in a three-phase bank with a spare transformer protection
            of power transformers
    15 Other considerations
    Annex A (informative) Application of the transformer
            through-fault-current duration guide to the
    Annex B (informative) Transformer failure statistics
    Annex C (informative) Examples of setting transformer protection
            relays
    Annex D (informative) Thermal overload protection
    Annex E (informative) Phase shift and zero-sequence compensation
            in differential relays
    Annex F (informative) Bibliography
    Annex G (informative) Additional sources of information

    Abstract - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Presents general philosophy, practical applications, and economic considerations involved in power transformer protection.

    General Product Information - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Committee Power System Relaying and Control
    Development Note Supersedes IEEE DRAFT C37.91. (09/2008)
    Document Type Standard
    Publisher Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
    Status Superseded
    Superseded By
    Supersedes

    Standards Referenced By This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    IEEE 141 : 1993 IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants
    IEEE 741-2007 IEEE Standard Criteria for the Protection of Class 1E Power Systems and Equipment in Nuclear Power Generating Stations
    IEEE 1268-2005 IEEE Guide for Safety in the Installation of Mobile Substation Equipment
    IEEE DRAFT C37.95 : D6 99 DRAFT GUIDE FOR PROTECTIVE RELAYING OF UTILITY CONSUMER INTERCONNECTIONS
    IEEE C37.113-1999 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines
    IEEE DRAFT 1147 : D8 2005 GUIDE FOR THE REHABILITATION OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
    IEEE 1566-2015 REDLINE IEEE Standard for Performance of Adjustable-Speed AC Drives Rated 375 kW and Larger
    IEEE C57.109-1993 IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformers Through-Fault-Current Duration
    IEEE DRAFT C37.108 : D6 98 DRAFT GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF NETWORK TRANSFORMERS
    NEMA ICS 3.1 : 2009(R2014) GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION, HANDLING, STORAGE, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF MEDIUM-VOLTAGE AC CONTACTORS, CONTROLLERS, AND CONTROL CENTERS
    IEEE C57.12.11-1980 IEEE Guide for Installation of Oil-Immersed Transformers (10 MVA and Larger, 69-287 kV Rating)
    IEEE DRAFT C37.102 : D8 2006 AC GENERATOR PROTECTION
    IEEE C37.102-2006 REDLINE IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection
    IEEE C57.12.59-2015 IEEE Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration
    IEEE C57.125-2015 IEEE Guide for Failure Investigation, Documentation, Analysis, and Reporting for Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors
    IEEE C37.104-2012 REDLINE IEEE Guide for Automatic Reclosing of Circuit Breakers for AC Distribution and Transmission Lines
    IEEE C37.121-2012 GUIDE FOR SWITCHGEAR - UNIT SUBSTATION - REQUIREMENTS
    IEEE C37.230-2007 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Distribution Lines
    IEEE C37.233 : 2009 GUIDE FOR POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION TESTING
    IEEE C37.234-2009 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power System Buses
    IEEE 242-2001 IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book)
    IEEE 1147-2005 IEEE Guide for the Rehabilitation of Hydroelectric Power Plants
    IEEE C37.246-2017 IEEE Guide for Protection Systems of Transmission-to-Generation Interconnections
    IEEE DRAFT 741 : D1 2006 CRITERIA FOR THE PROTECTION OF CLASS 1E POWER SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER GENERATING STATIONS
    IEEE C37.95-2014 IEEE Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility-Consumer Interconnections
    IEEE C37.121-2012 REDLINE IEEE Guide for Switchgear - Unit Substation - Requirements
    IEEE 741-2017 IEEE Standard for Criteria for the Protection of Class 1E Power Systems and Equipment in Nuclear Power Generating Stations
    IEEE C37.245-2018 IEEE Guide for the Application of Protective Relaying for Phase-Shifting Transformers

    Standards Referencing This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    IEEE C37.108-2002 IEEE Guide for the Protection of Network Transformers
    IEEE C37.102-2006 REDLINE IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection
    IEEE C37.112-1996 IEEE Standard Inverse-Time Characteristic Equations for Overcurrent Relays
    IEEE 32-1972 IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Procedures for Neutral Grounding Devices
    IEEE C37.110-2007 REDLINE IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes
    IEEE C57.13.3-2005 IEEE Guide for Grounding of Instrument Transformer Secondary Circuits and Cases
    IEEE C57.13.3-2014 REDLINE IEEE Guide for Grounding of Instrument Transformer Secondary Circuits and Cases
    IEEE C57.104-1991 IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers
    IEEE C57.12.00-2015 IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers
    IEEE C57.91-2011 REDLINE IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers and Step-Voltage Regulators
    IEEE C37.2-1996 IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers and Contact Designations
    IEEE C57.104-2008 IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers
    IEEE C37.119-2005 IEEE Guide for Breaker Failure Protection of Power Circuit Breakers
    IEEE C57.109-1993 IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformers Through-Fault-Current Duration
    IEEE C57.91-1995 IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers
    IEEE C37.103-2015 REDLINE IEEE Guide for Differential and Polarizing Relay Circuit Testing
    IEEE C57.12.00-2006 IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers
    IEEE C37.103-2004 IEEE Guide for Differential and Polarizing Relay Circuit Testing
    IEEE C37.113-1999 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines
    IEEE C57.135-2011 IEEE Guide for the Application, Specification, and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers
    IEEE C57.110-2008 REDLINE IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Liquid-Filled and Dry-Type Power and Distribution Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents
    IEEE C37.100-1992 IEEE Standard Definitions for Power Switchgear
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