Skip to content
Please enter a keyword to search

  • ISO 10874:2009

    Current The latest, up-to-date edition.

    Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings Classification

    Available format(s):  Hardcopy, PDF, PDF 3 Users, PDF 5 Users, PDF 9 Users

    Language(s):  French, English

    Published date:  06-11-2009

    Publisher:  International Organization for Standardization

    Add To Cart

    Abstract - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    ISO 10874:2009 establishes a classification system for resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings. The classification is based on practical requirements for areas of use and intensity of use and is linked to the requirements specified in the relevant International Standard for each type of floor covering.

    ISO 10874:2009 is also intended to provide guidance for manufacturers, specifiers and consumers, to enable them to choose the appropriate class of floor covering for any given area of use or specific room.

    General Product Information - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Development Note Supersedes ISO/DIS 10874. (11/2009) NEW CHILD AMD 1 2020 IS NOW ADDED.
    Document Type Standard
    Product Note NEW CHILD AMD 1 2020 IS NOW ADDED.
    Publisher International Organization for Standardization
    Status Current

    Standards Referenced By This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    PREN 17142 : DRAFT 2017 MODULAR MULTILAYER FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH A WOOD POWDER BASED SURFACE LAYER - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    I.S. EN 16810:2017 RESILIENT, TEXTILE AND LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONS - PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
    BS ISO 6347:2017 Textile floor coverings. Consumer information
    ISO 14486:2012 Laminate floor coverings — Specification
    DIN EN ISO 10581 E : 2014 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HOMOGENEOUS POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATIONS (ISO 10581:2011)
    BS ISO 14486:2012 Laminate floor coverings. Specification
    17/30355242 DC : 0 BS ISO 4586-5 - HIGH-PRESSURE DECORATIVE LAMINATES (HPL, HPDL) - SHEETS BASED ON THERMOSETTING RESINS (USUALLY CALLED LAMINATES) - PART 5: CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLOORING GRADE LAMINATES LESS THAN 2 MM THICK INTENDED FOR BONDING TO SUPPORTING SUBSTRATES
    PREN 12104 : DRAFT 2017 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - CORK FLOOR TILES - SPECIFICATION
    ISO 10575:2012 Resilient floor coverings — Specification for rubber sheet floor coverings with backing
    ISO 6347:2017 Textile floor coverings — Consumer information
    I.S. EN 14978:2016 LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH ACRYLIC BASED SURFACE LAYER, ELECTRON BEAM CURED - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    I.S. EN 16511:2014 LOOSE-LAID PANELS - SEMI-RIGID MULTILAYER MODULAR FLOOR COVERING (MMF) PANELS WITH WEAR RESISTANT TOP LAYER
    S.R. CEN/TS 15398:2016 RESILIENT, TEXTILE AND LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - FLOOR COVERING STANDARD SYMBOLS - COMPLEMENTARY ELEMENT
    UNI EN ISO 10581 : 2014 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HOMOGENEOUS POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATIONS
    I.S. EN ISO 10582:2018 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HETEROGENEOUS POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION (ISO 10582:2017)
    EN 16511:2014 Loose-laid panels - Semi-rigid multilayer modular floor covering (MMF) panels with wear resistant top layer
    CEN/TS 15398:2016 Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings - Floor covering standard symbols - Complementary element
    ISO 26986:2010 Resilient floor coverings Expanded (cushioned) poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering Specification
    BS EN 13845:2017 Resilient floor coverings. Polyvinyl chloride floor coverings with particle based enhanced slip resistance. Specification
    DIN EN ISO 10581:2014-02 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HOMOGENEOUS POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATIONS (ISO 10581:2011)
    ONORM EN ISO 26986 : 2013 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - EXPANDED (CUSHIONED) POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATION (ISO 26986:2010)
    ONORM EN 16511 : 2014 LOOSE-LAID PANELS - MULTI-LAYER SEMI-RIGID FLOOR COVERING (MSF) PANELS WITH WEAR RESISTANT TOP LAYER
    15/30318203 DC : 0 BS ISO 20326 - RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION FOR FLOOR PANELS FOR LOOSE LAYING
    UNE-EN ISO 10582:2012 Resilient floor coverings - Heterogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) floor coverings - Specification (ISO 10582:2010)
    UNI EN ISO 10595 : 2012 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SEMI-FLEXIBLE/VINYLCOMPOSITION (VCT) POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR TILES - SPECIFICATION
    BS EN ISO 24011:2012 Resilient floor coverings. Specification for plain and decorative linoleum
    BS EN ISO 26986:2012 Resilient floor coverings. Expanded (cushioned) poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering. Specification Expanded (cushioned) poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering - Specification (ISO 26986:2010)
    ISO 16905:2015 Resilient floor coverings Specification for rubber floor covering Tile/Plank
    PD CEN/TS 15398:2016 Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings. Floor covering standard symbols. Complementary element
    UNE-EN 16810:2017 Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings - Environmental product declarations - Product category rules
    UNE-EN ISO 10581:2014 Resilient floor coverings - Homogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering - Specifications (ISO 10581:2011)
    PREN 13845 : DRAFT 2015 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FLOOR COVERINGS WITH PARTICLE BASED ENHANCED SLIP RESISTANCE - SPECIFICATION
    DIN EN 16776:2016-09 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HETEROGENEOUS POLYURETHANE FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION
    UNI EN 16511 : 2014 LOOSE-LAID PANELS - SEMI-RIGID MULTILAYER MODULAR FLOOR COVERING (MMF) PANELS WITH WEAR RESISTANT TOP LAYER
    I.S. EN 16776:2016 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HETEROGENEOUS POLYURETHANE FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION
    EN 14978:2016 Laminate floor coverings - Elements with acrylic based surface layer, electron beam cured - Specifications, requirements and test methods
    DIN EN 14354:2005-03 WOOD-BASED PANELS - WOOD VENEER FLOOR COVERINGS
    ONORM EN ISO 10581 : 2013 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HOMOGENEOUS POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATIONS (ISO 10581:2011)
    I.S. EN 14354:2017 WOOD-BASED PANELS - WOOD VENEER FLOOR COVERINGS
    I.S. EN 438-5:2016 HIGH-PRESSURE DECORATIVE LAMINATES (HPL) - SHEETS BASED ON THERMOSETTING RESINS (USUALLY CALLED LAMINATES) - PART 5: CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLOORING GRADE LAMINATES LESS THAN 2 MM THICK INTENDED FOR BONDING TO SUPPORTING SUBSTRATES
    I.S. EN 15468:2016 LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH DIRECTLY APPLIED PRINTING AND RESIN SURFACE LAYER - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    I.S. EN 13845:2017 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FLOOR COVERINGS WITH PARTICLE BASED ENHANCED SLIP RESISTANCE - SPECIFICATION
    BS ISO 20326 : 2016 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION FOR FLOOR PANELS/ASSEMBLY FOR LOOSE LAYING
    14/30303785 DC : 0 BS EN 438-5 - HIGH-PRESSURE DECORATIVE LAMINATES (HPL) - SHEETS BASED ON THERMOSETTING RESINS (USUALLY CALLED LAMINATES) - PART 5: CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLOORING GRADE LAMINATES LESS THAN 2 MM THICK INTENDED FOR BONDING TO SUPPORTING SUBSTRATES
    14/30260383 DC : 0 BS ISO 16905 - RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION FOR RUBBER FLOOR COVERING - TILE/PLANK
    DIN EN 16776 E : 2016 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HETEROGENEOUS POLYURETHANE FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION
    BS EN 16776:2016 Resilient floor coverings. Heterogeneous polyurethane floor coverings. Specification
    DIN EN ISO 26986:2012-04 Resilient floor coverings - Expanded (cushioned) poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering - Specification (ISO 26986:2010)
    BS EN ISO 10595:2012 Resilient floor coverings. Semi-flexible/vinylcomposition (VCT) poly(vinyl chloride) floor tiles. Specification
    DIN EN 16810 E : 2017 RESILIENT, TEXTILE AND LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONS - PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
    16/30324722 DC : 0 BS ISO 6347 - TEXTILE FLOOR COVERINGS - CONSUMER INFORMATION
    UNI EN ISO 26986 : 2012 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - EXPANDED (CUSHIONED) POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATION
    UNE-EN 16776:2016 Resilient floor coverings - Heterogeneous polyurethane floor coverings - Specification
    BS EN 1307 : 2014 TEXTILE FLOOR COVERINGS - CLASSIFICATION
    UNI EN ISO 24011 : 2012 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN AND DECORATIVE LINOLEUM
    ISO 10577:2012 Resilient floor coverings — Specification for rubber sheet floor coverings without backing
    I.S. EN ISO 10595:2012 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SEMIFLEXIBLE/VINYLCOMPOSITION (VCT) POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR TILES - SPECIFICATION (ISO 10595:2010)
    I.S. EN 1307:2014 TEXTILE FLOOR COVERINGS - CLASSIFICATION
    PREN 15468 : DRAFT 2013 LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH DIRECTLY APPLIED PRINTING AND RESIN SURFACE LAYER - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    17/30359853 DC : 0 BS EN 17142 - MODULAR MULTILAYER FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH A WOOD POWDER BASED SURFACE LAYER - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    I.S. EN ISO 26986:2012 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - EXPANDED (CUSHIONED) POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATION (ISO 26986:2010)
    EN 1307:2014+A2:2018 Textile floor coverings - Classification
    DIN EN 438-5:2016-06 HIGH-PRESSURE DECORATIVE LAMINATES (HPL) - SHEETS BASED ON THERMOSETTING RESINS (USUALLY CALLED LAMINATES) - PART 5: CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLOORING GRADE LAMINATES LESS THAN 2 MM THICK INTENDED FOR BONDING TO SUPPORTING SUBSTRATES
    ISO 24011:2009 Resilient floor coverings Specification for plain and decorative linoleum
    DIN EN 14978:2016-08 Laminate floor coverings - Elements with acrylic based surface layer, electron beam cured - Specifications, requirements and test methods
    EN 16810:2017 Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings - Environmental product declarations - Product category rules
    EN 14354:2017 Wood-based panels - Wood veneer floor coverings
    DIN EN 16511 E : 2014 LOOSE-LAID PANELS - SEMI-RIGID MULTILAYER MODULAR FLOOR COVERING (MMF) PANELS WITH WEAR RESISTANT TOP LAYER
    ISO 19322:2018 Resilient floor coverings — Specification for floor coverings based on thermoplastic polymers
    BS EN 16810:2017 Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings. Environmental product declarations. Product category rules
    DIN EN 16810:2017-08 RESILIENT, TEXTILE AND LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONS - PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES
    15/30325178 DC : 0 BS EN 13845 - RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FLOOR COVERINGS WITH PARTICLE BASED ENHANCED SLIP RESISTANCE - SPECIFICATION
    14/30312994 DC : 0 BS EN 16810 - SUSTAINABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION WORK - ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONS - PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES FOR RESILIENT, TEXTILE AND LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS
    15/30318279 DC : 0 BS ISO 19322 - RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION FOR FLOOR COVERINGS BASED ON THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER
    BS ISO 10575:2012 Resilient floor coverings. Specification for rubber sheet floor coverings with backing
    15/30303016 DC : 0 BS EN ISO 10582 - RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION FOR HETEROGENEOUS VINYL FLOORING TO INCLUDE LUXURY VINYL TILE REQUIREMENTS
    BS EN 13329 : 2016 LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH A SURFACE LAYER BASED ON AMINOPLASTIC THERMOSETTING RESINS - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    13/30289253 DC : 0 BS EN 13329 - LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH A SURFACE LAYER BASED ON AMINOPLASTIC THERMOSETTING RESINS - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    13/30288845 DC : 0 BS EN 14978 - LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH ACRYLIC BASED SURFACE LAYER, ELECTRON BEAM CURED - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    10/30185294 DC : 0 BS ISO 11638 - RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HETEROGENEOUS POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOORING ON FOAM - SPECIFICATION
    PREN 438-5 : DRAFT 2014 HIGH-PRESSURE DECORATIVE LAMINATES (HPL) - SHEETS BASED ON THERMOSETTING RESINS (USUALLY CALLED LAMINATES) - PART 5: CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLOORING GRADE LAMINATES LESS THAN 2 MM THICK INTENDED FOR BONDING TO SUPPORTING SUBSTRATES
    17/30359856 DC : 0 BS EN 12104 - RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - CORK FLOOR TILES - SPECIFICATION
    UNE-EN 1307:2014 Textile floor coverings - Classification
    ISO 11638:2012 Resilient floor coverings Heterogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) flooring on foam Specification
    EN 13329:2016+A1:2017 Laminate floor coverings - Elements with a surface layer based on aminoplastic thermosetting resins - Specifications, requirements and test methods
    ISO 10582:2017 Resilient floor coverings — Heterogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering — Specifications
    EN ISO 10582:2018 Resilient floor coverings - Heterogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering - Specifications (ISO 10582:2017)
    EN 15468:2016 Laminate floor coverings - Elements with directly applied printing and resin surface layer - Specifications, requirements and test methods
    BS EN 14354:2017 Wood-based panels. Wood veneer floor coverings
    UNE-EN 14978:2016 Laminate floor coverings - Elements with acrylic based surface layer, electron beam cured - Specifications, requirements and test methods
    ISO 10581:2011 Resilient floor coverings Homogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering Specifications
    BS EN 15468:2016 Laminate floor coverings. Elements with directly applied printing and resin surface layer. Specifications, requirements and test methods
    UNE-EN 13845:2017 Resilient floor coverings - Polyvinyl chloride floor coverings with particle based enhanced slip resistance - Specification
    BS EN 14978:2016 Laminate floor coverings. Elements with acrylic based surface layer, electron beam cured. Specifications, requirements and test methods
    UNE-EN 14354:2017 Wood-based panels - Wood veneer floor coverings
    UNE-EN 13329:2016 Laminate floor coverings - Elements with a surface layer based on aminoplastic thermosetting resins - Specifications, requirements and test methods
    DIN EN 15468:2016-08 Laminate floor coverings - Elements with directly applied printing and resin surface layer - Specifications, requirements and test methods
    EN ISO 10595:2012/AC:2012 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SEMI-FLEXIBLE/VINYLCOMPOSITION (VCT) POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR TILES - SPECIFICATION (ISO 10595:2010)
    EN 438-5:2016 High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL) - Sheets based on thermosetting resins (usually called laminates) - Part 5: Classification and specifications for flooring grade laminates less than 2 mm thick intended for bonding to supporting substrates
    EN ISO 26986:2012/AC:2012 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - EXPANDED (CUSHIONED) POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATION (ISO 26986:2010)
    EN 16776:2016 Resilient floor coverings - Heterogeneous polyurethane floor coverings - Specification
    EN ISO 24011 : 2012 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN AND DECORATIVE LINOLEUM (ISO 24011:2009)
    BS EN ISO 10581:2013 Resilient floor coverings. Homogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering. Specifications
    PREN 14978 : DRAFT 2013 LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH ACRYLIC BASED SURFACE LAYER, ELECTRON BEAM CURED - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    18/30370202 DC : 0 BS EN ISO 10581 - RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HOMOGENEOUS POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATIONS
    BS EN ISO 10582:2018 Resilient floor coverings. Heterogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering. Specifications
    BS ISO 10577:2012 Resilient floor coverings. Specification for rubber sheet floor coverings without back
    13/30289256 DC : 0 BS EN 15468 - LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH DIRECTLY APPLIED PRINTING AND RESIN SURFACE LAYER - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    DIN EN ISO 24011:2012-04 Resilient floor coverings - Specification for plain and decorative linoleum (ISO 24011:2009)
    BS EN 16511:2014 Loose-laid panels. Semi-rigid multilayer modular floor covering (MMF) panels with wear resistant top layer
    I.S. EN ISO 24011:2012 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN AND DECORATIVE LINOLEUM (ISO 24011:2009)
    12/30276863 DC : 0 BS EN 16511 - LOOSE-LAID PANELS - MULTI-LAYER SEMI-RIGID FLOOR COVERING (MSF) PANELS WITH WEAR RESISTANT TOP LAYER
    14/30302995 DC : 0 BS EN 16776 - RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS POLYURETHANE FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION
    BS ISO 16905 : 2015 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SPECIFICATION FOR RUBBER FLOOR COVERING - TILE/PLANK
    ISO 20326:2016 Resilient floor coverings — Specification for floor panels/assembly for loose laying
    I.S. EN ISO 10581:2013 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - HOMOGENEOUS POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR COVERING - SPECIFICATIONS (ISO 10581:2011)
    I.S. EN 13329:2016 LAMINATE FLOOR COVERINGS - ELEMENTS WITH A SURFACE LAYER BASED ON AMINOPLASTIC THERMOSETTING RESINS - SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS
    UNE-EN 16511:2014 Loose-laid panels - Semi-rigid multilayer modular floor covering (MMF) panels with wear resistant top layer
    UNE-EN ISO 10595:2012 Resilient floor coverings - Semi-flexible/vinylcomposition (VCT) poly(vinyl chloride) floor tiles - Specification (ISO 10595:2010)
    UNE-EN ISO 24011:2012 Resilient floor coverings - Specification for plain and decorative linoleum (ISO 24011:2009)
    ISO 4586-5:2015 High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL, HPDL) Sheets based on thermosetting resins (Usually called Laminates) Part 5: Classification and specifications for flooring grade laminates less than 2 mm thick intended for bonding to supporting substrates
    EN ISO 10581:2013 Resilient floor coverings - Homogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering - Specifications (ISO 10581:2011)
    DIN EN 14354 E : 2017 WOOD-BASED PANELS - WOOD VENEER FLOOR COVERINGS
    UNE-EN 438-5:2016 High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL) - Sheets based on thermosetting resins (Usually called Laminates) - Part 5: Classification and specifications for flooring grade laminates less than 2 mm thick intended for bonding to supporting substrates
    BS EN 438-5:2016 High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL). Sheets based on thermosetting resins (usually called laminates) Classification and specifications for flooring grade laminates less than 2 mm thick intended for bonding to supporting substrates
    ISO 10595:2010 Resilient floor coverings Semi-flexible/vinylcomposition (VCT) poly(vinyl chloride) floor tiles Specification
    DIN EN 16511:2014-08 LOOSE-LAID PANELS - SEMI-RIGID MULTILAYER MODULAR FLOOR COVERING (MMF) PANELS WITH WEAR RESISTANT TOP LAYER
    DIN EN ISO 10595:2012-04 RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - SEMI-FLEXIBLE/VINYLCOMPOSITION(VCT) POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FLOOR TILES - SPECIFICATION (ISO 10595:2010)
    DIN EN 14354:2017-11 WOOD-BASED PANELS - WOOD VENEER FLOOR COVERINGS

    Standards Referencing This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    EN 685:2007 Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings - Classification
    View more information

    • Access your standards online with a subscription

      Features

      • Simple online access to standards, technical information and regulations
      • Critical updates of standards and customisable alerts and notifications
      • Multi - user online standards collection: secure, flexibile and cost effective