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Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 References
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
3.2 Symbols
3.3 Abbreviations
4 Introduction to measurement uncertainty
4.1 Background to measurement uncertainty
4.1.1 Commonly used terms
4.1.2 Assessment of upper and lower uncertainty
bounds
4.1.3 Combination of rectangular distributions
4.1.4 Main contributors to uncertainty
4.1.5 Other contributors
4.2 Evaluation of individual uncertainty components
4.2.1 Evaluation of Type A uncertainties
4.2.2 Evaluation of Type B uncertainties
4.2.3 Uncertainties relating to influence quantities
4.3 Methods of evaluation of overall measurement
uncertainty
4.4 Summary
4.5 Overview of the approach of the present document
5 Analysis of measurement uncertainty
5.1 The BIPM method
5.1.1 Type A uncertainties and their evaluation
5.1.2 Type B uncertainties and their evaluation
5.2 Combining individual standard uncertainties in
different units
5.3 Calculation of the expanded uncertainty values and
Student's t-distribution
5.3.1 Student's t-distribution
5.3.2 Expanded uncertainties
5.4 Combining standard uncertainties of different
parameters, where their influence on each other is
dependant on the EUT (influence quantities)
5.5 Uncertainties and randomness
5.6 Summary of the recommended approach
6 Examples of uncertainty calculations specific to radio
equipment
6.1 Mismatch
6.2 Attenuation measurement
6.3 Calculation involving a dependency function
6.4 Measurement of carrier power
6.4.1 Measurement set-up
6.4.2 Method of measurement
6.4.3 Power meter and sensor module
6.4.4 Attenuator and cabling network
6.4.4.1 Reference measurement
6.4.4.2 The cable and the 10 dB power attenuator
6.4.4.3 The 20 dB attenuation
6.4.4.4 Instrumentation
6.4.4.5 Power and temperature influences
6.4.4.6 Collecting terms
6.4.5 Mismatch during measurement
6.4.6 Influence quantities
6.4.7 Random
6.4.8 Expanded uncertainty
6.5 Uncertainty calculation for measurement of a receiver
(third order intermodulation)
6.5.1 Noise behaviour in different receiver
configurations
6.5.2 Sensitivity measurement
6.5.3 Interference immunity measurements
6.5.4 Blocking and spurious response measurements
6.5.5 Third order intermodulation
6.5.5.1 Measurement of third order
intermodulation
6.5.5.2 Uncertainties involved in the
measurement
6.5.5.3 Analogue speech (SINAD) measurement
uncertainty
6.5.5.4 BER and message acceptance measurement
uncertainty
6.5.5.5 Other methods of measuring third order
intermodulation
6.6 Uncertainty in measuring continuous bit streams
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 Statistics involved in the measurement
6.6.3 Calculation of uncertainty limits when the
distribution characterizing the combined
standard uncertainty cannot be assumed to be
a Normal distribution
6.6.4 BER dependency function
6.6.4.1 Coherent data communications
6.6.4.2 Coherent data communications (direct
modulation)
6.6.4.3 Coherent data communications (subcarrier
modulation)
6.6.4.4 Non coherent data communication
6.6.4.5 Non coherent data communications (direct
modulation)
6.6.4.6 Non coherent data communications
(subcarrier modulation)
6.6.5 Effect of BER on the RF level uncertainty
6.6.5.1 BER at a specified RF level
6.6.6 Limitations in the applicability of BER
uncertainty calculations
6.7 Uncertainty in measuring messages
6.7.1 General
6.7.2 Statistics involved in the measurement
6.7.3 Analysis of the situation where the up down
method results in a shift between two levels
6.7.4 Detailed example of uncertainty in measuring
messages
6.8 Uncertainty of fully automated test systems
6.8.1 Test system properties
6.8.2 General aspects of the measurement uncertainty
6.8.3 The "simple" test system
6.8.3.1 Transmitter measurement
6.8.3.2 Receiver measurement
6.8.4 The "complex" test
6.8.4.1 Receiver measurement
6.8.4.2 Transmitter measurements
6.8.5 Summary
6.8.5.1 Typical mismatch example
7 Theory of test sites
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Basic concepts
7.2 Radiated fields
7.2.1 Fields radiated by an isotropic radiator
7.2.2 Directivity implications on the ideal radiator
7.2.3 The nature of the fields around a source of
finite size
7.2.3.1 Derivation of the far-field distance
(2d^2/lambda)
7.2.4 Reception in the far-field
(2(d[1] + d[ 2] )^2/lambda)
7.2.5 Choice of physical antenna for the "ideal"
model
7.3 Ideal radiating sources
7.3.1 Electric current element
7.3.2 Magnetic current element
7.4 Theoretical analysis of the dipole
7.5 Model of the ideal test sites
7.6 Ideal practical test sites
7.6.1 Anechoic Chamber
7.6.2 Anechoic Chamber with a Ground Plane
7.6.3 Open Area Test Site
7.6.4 striplines
7.7 Verification
7.7.1 Introduction
7.7.1.1 Anechoic Chamber
7.7.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a Ground Plane
and Open Area Test Site
7.7.1.3 Improvements to the formulas for E DH
max and E DV max
7.7.1.4 Mutual coupling
7.8 The nature of the testing field on free field test
sites
7.8.1 Fields in an Anechoic Chamber
7.8.1.1 Practical uniform field testing
7.8.1.2 Sensitivity considerations
7.8.1.3 Appreciable size source
7.8.1.4 Minimum separation distance
7.8.1.5 Summary
7.8.2 Fields over a ground plane
8 Practical test sites
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Test types
8.2 Test sites
8.2.1 Description of an Anechoic Chamber
8.2.2 Description of an Anechoic Chamber with a
Ground Plane
8.2.3 Description of an Open Area Test Site
8.2.4 Description of striplines
8.3 Facility components and their effects
8.3.1 Effects of the metal shielding
8.3.1.1 Resonances
8.3.1.2 Imaging of antennas (or an EUT)
8.3.2 Effects of the radio absorbing materials
8.3.2.1 Introduction
8.3.2.2 Pyramidal absorbers
8.3.2.3 Wedge absorbers
8.3.2.4 Ferrite tiles
8.3.2.5 Ferrite grids
8.3.2.6 Urethane/ferrite hybrids
8.3.2.7 Floor absorbers
8.3.2.8 Performance comparison
8.3.2.9 Reflection in an Anechoic Chamber
8.3.2.10 Reflections in an Anechoic Chamber
with a Ground Plane
8.3.2.11 Mutual coupling due to imaging in
the absorbing material
8.3.2.12 Extraneous reflections
8.3.3 Effects of the ground plane
8.3.3.1 Coatings
8.3.3.2 Reflections from the ground plane
8.3.3.3 Mutual coupling to the ground plane
8.3.4 Other effects
8.3.4.1 Range length and measurement distance
8.3.4.2 Minimum far-field distance
8.3.4.2.1 Measurement distances
8.3.4.3 Antenna mast, turntable and mounting
fixtures
8.3.4.4 Test antenna height limitations
8.3.4.5 Test antenna cabling
8.3.4.6 EUT supply and control cabling
8.3.4.7 Positioning of the EUT and antennas
8.3.5 Effects of the striplines
8.3.5.1 Mutual coupling
8.3.5.2 Characteristic impedance of the line
8.3.5.3 Non-planar nature of the field
distribution
8.3.5.4 Field strength measurement
8.3.5.5 Correction factor for the size of EUT
8.3.5.6 Influence of site effects
9 Constructional aspects
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Open Area Test Site
9.2.1 Site surveys and site location
9.2.1.1 Detection system sensitivity
9.2.1.2 Site survey procedure
9.2.1.3 Example of a site survey
9.2.2 Extraneous reflection
9.3 Anechoic Chamber (with and without a Ground Plane)
9.3.1 Basic shielded enclosure parameters
9.3.2 Basic shielded enclosure resonances
9.3.3 Waveguide type propagation modes
9.3.4 Earthing arrangements
9.3.5 Skin depth
9.3.6 Shielding effectiveness
9.4 striplines
9.4.1 Open 2-plate stripline test cell
9.5 Miscellaneous
9.5.1 Long term stability
9.5.2 Power supplies
9.5.3 Ancillary equipment
10 Test equipment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cables
10.2.1 Cable attenuation
10.2.2 Cable coupling
10.2.3 Cable shielding
10.2.4 Transfer impedance
10.2.5 Improving cable performance with ferrite
beads
10.2.5.1 Impedance
10.2.6 Equipment interconnection (mismatch)
10.3 Signal generator
10.4 Attenuators
10.4.1 Attenuators used in test site verification
procedures
10.4.2 Attenuators used in test methods
10.4.3 Other insertion losses
10.5 Antennas
10.5.1 Antenna factor
10.5.2 Gain
10.5.3 Tuning
10.5.4 Polarization
10.5.5 Phase centre
10.5.6 Input impedance
10.5.7 Temperature
10.5.8 Nearfield
10.5.9 Farfield
10.5.10 Non-uniform field pattern
10.5.11 Mutual coupling to the surroundings
10.6 Spectrum analyser and measuring receiver
10.6.1 Detector characteristics
10.6.2 Measurement band
10.6.3 Receiver sensitivity
10.6.4 Measurement automation
10.6.5 Power measuring receiver
10.7 EUT
10.7.1 Battery operated EU
10.8 Frequency counter
10.9 Salty man/salty-lite and Test Fixtures
10.10 Site factors
10.11 Random uncertainty
10.12 Miscellaneous
10.12.1 Personnel
10.12.2 Procedures
10.12.3 Methods
10.12.4 Specifications
History