1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipments, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.
1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipments on the other.
1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.
1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.
| TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Section and Subsections | Title |
| 1 | Scope |
| 2 | Referenced Documents |
| 3 | Terminology |
| 4 | Significance and Use |
| 5 | Controls |
| 5.1 | Principles of Control Design |
| 5.2 | General Design Guidelines |
| 5.3 | Control Movement |
| 5.4 | Control Spacing |
| 5.5 | Coding of Controls |
| 5.6 | Control Use and Design |
| 6 | Displays |
| 6.1 | Visual Displays |
| 6.2 | Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays |
| 6.3 | Display Illumination |
| 6.4 | Display Types |
| 6.5 | Audible Displays |
| 7 | Alarms |
| 7.1 | General Alarm Requirements |
| 7.2 | Visual Alarms |
| 7.3 | Audible Alarms |
| 7.4 | Voice Messages |
| 7.5 | Alarm Initiation Stations |
| 7.6 | Alarm Requirements by IMO |
| 8 | Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms |
| 8.1 | Principles of Design |
| 8.2 | Grouping Relationships-Principles of Arrangement |
| 8.3 | Separating Groupings |
| 8.4 | Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms |
| 8.5 | Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms |
| 8.6 | Control and Display Movement Relationships |
| 8.7 | Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment |
| 8.8 | Alternative Approach to Grouping Design |
| 8.9 | Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges |
| 9 | Anthropometry |
| 9.1 | General Design Requirements |
| 9.2 | Static Anthropometric Data |
| 10 | Workplace Arrangements |
| 10.1 | Basic Principles of Workplace Design |
| 10.2 | Seated Workstation |
| 10.3 | Standing Workstation |
| 10.4 | Kneeling Workstation |
| 10.5 | Squatting Workstation |
| 10.6 | Shelving |
| 10.7 | Status Boards and File Cabinets |
| 10.8 | Work Benches |
| 10.9 | Vertical Strainers and Filters |
| 10.10 | Reach Limitations at Workstations |
| 10.11 | Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers |
| 10.12 | Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays |
| 10.13 | Hand Cranks and Pumps |
| 10.14 | Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment |
| 10.15 | Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing |
| 10.16 | Consoles and Control Panels |
| 10.17 | Bridge Design |
| 11 | Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms) |
| 11.1 | Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps |
| 11.2 | Stairs |
| 11.3 | Ramps |
| 11.4 | Vertical Ladders |
| 11.5 | Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages |
| 11.6 | Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices |
| 11.7 | Special Ladder Requirements |
| 11.8 | Handle/Hand Grab |
| 11.9 | Individual Rung Ladders |
| 11.10 | D-Ring Ladders |
| 11.11 | Handrails |
| 11.12 | Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement |
| 11.13 | Elevated Work Platforms |
| 11.14 | Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels |
| 11.15 | Doors and Arches |
| 11.16 | Permanent Means of Access (PMA) |
| 12 | Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location |
| 12.1 | General Design Requirements |
| 12.2 | Valve Criticality and Location |
| 12.3 | Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated |
| 12.4 | Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves |
| 12.5 | Alternative Valve Orientations |
| 12.6 | Valve Manifolds |
| 13 | Human-Computer Interface |
| 13.1 | General Design Requirements |
| 13.2 | System Operations |
| 13.3 | Computer Displays |
| 13.4 | Display Content |
| 13.5 | Display Coding |
| 13.6 | Dynamic Displays |
| 13.7 | Display Format |
| 13.8 | Textual Data Displays |
| 13.9 | Graphic Displays |
| 13.10 | Audio Displays |
| 13.11 | Data Entry |
| 13.12 | Interactive Control |
| 13.13 | Graphic Controls |
| 13.14 | Windows |
| 13.15 | Menus |
| 13.16 | Forms |
| 13.17 | Alarms |
| 13.18 | Language |
| 13.19 | Feedback |
| 13.20 | Prompts |
| 13.21 | Defaults |
| 13.22 | Error Management/Data Protection |
| 13.23 | Data Security |
| 13.24 | Help |
| 13.25 | Software |
| 13.26 | Data Transmission/Messaging |
| 13.27 | Input Devices |
| 13.28 | Cursors |
| 13.29 | Printing |
| 14 | Habitability |
| 14.1 | Noise |
| 14.2 | Indoor Climate |
| 14.3 | Lighting |
| 14.4 | Whole-body Vibration and Shock |
| 15 | Labeling |
| 15.1 | Design Criteria of Labels |
| 15.2 | Abbreviations |
| 15.3 | Symbols |
| 15.4 | Component Labels on Consoles and Panels |
| 15.5 | Equipment Identification Labels |
| 15.6 | Electrical System Labels |
| 15.7 | Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels |
| 15.8 | Pipe Marker Labels |
| 15.9 | Safe Working Load Identification Labels |
| 15.10 | Load Weight Identification Labels |
| 15.11 | Hazard Identification Signs |
| 15.12 | Information Signs |
| 15.13 | Instruction Labels |
| 15.14 | Graphical Schematics or Diagrams |
| 15.15 | Orientation Plans |
| 15.16 | Emergency Instructions |
| 16 | Material Handling |
| 16.1 | Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying |
| 16.2 | Weight Lifting |
| 16.3 | Weight Carrying |
| 16.4 | Design to Push for Manual Material Handling |
| 16.5 | Design of Handles and Grasp Areas |
| 16.6 | Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices |
| 16.7 | Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies |
| 16.8 | Crane Design |
| 17 | Maintenance |
| 17.1 | General Design Requirements |
| 17.2 | Maintenance Accessibility |
| 17.3 | Maintenance Environments |
| 17.4 | Lubrication |
| 17.5 | Cases |
| 17.6 | Covers |
| 17.7 | Fasteners |
| 17.8 | Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access |
| 17.9 | Diagnostics and Troubleshooting |
| 17.10 | Equipment Modularization |
| 17.11 | Equipment Mounting and Installation |
| 17.12 | Standardization |
| 17.13 | Electrical Wires and Cables |
| 17.14 | Conductors |
| 17.15 | Connectors |
| 17.16 | Test Equipment |
| 17.17 | Fuses and Circuit Breakers |
| 17.18 | Hydraulic Systems |
| 17.19 | Stored Energy Devices |
| 17.20 | Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds |
| 17.21 | Test and Sample Points |
| 18 | Hazards and Safety |
| 18.1 | Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area Markings |
| 18.2 | General Workplace Hazards |
| 18.3 | General Equipment-Related Hazards |
| 18.4 | Electrical Hazards |
| 18.5 | Mechanical Hazards |
| 18.6 | Fluid Hazards |
| 18.7 | Safety Barriers |
| 18.8 | Fall Protection |
| 18.9 | Emergency Egress |
| 19 | Communications |
| 19.1 | Communication System Requirements |
| 19.2 | Microphones |
| 19.3 | Headsets |
| 19.4 | Loudspeakers |
| 19.5 | Telephone Systems |
| Appendix X1 | Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Design Checklist |
| LIST OF FIGURES |
| Figure | Title |
| 1 | Control Movement Expectations |
| 2 | Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements |
| 3 | Pedal Location and Design Requirements |
| 4 | Lateral Spacing for Pedals |
| 5 | Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls |
| 6 | Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls |
| 7 | Dimension, Resistance, and Separation of Continuous Rotary Controls |
| 8 | Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks |
| 9 | Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required for Cranks |
| 10 | Design Criteria for Pushbuttons |
| 11 | Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit Pushbuttons) |
| 12 | Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Legend Switches |
| 13 | Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle Switches |
| 14 | Design Requirements for Rocker Switches |
| 15 | Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete Slide Switch Controls |
| 16 | Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Continuous Slide Controls |
| 17 | Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Levers |
| 18 | Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers |
| 19 | Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-Pull Controls |
| 20 | Visual Lines of Sight |
| 21 | Primary and Secondary Fields-of-View |
| 22 | Design Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor Scale Markings |
| 23 | Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives |
| 24 | Scale Number Placement |
| 25 | Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display |
| 26 | Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays |
| 27 | Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings |
| 28 | Digital Display Design Requirements |
| 29 | Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function |
| 30 | Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipments |
| 31 | Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Control and Display Groupings (Not Recommended) |
| 32 | Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Equipment |
| 33 | Grouping Controls and Displays by Sequence of Use |
| 34 | Grouping with Physical Separation |
| 35 | Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders |
| 36 | Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads |
| 37 | Grouping with Sub-panels |
| 38 | Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays for Right-Handed Operator |
| 39 | Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays |
| 40 | Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Row of Controls |
| 41 | Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control |
| 42 | Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and Status Indicator |
| 43 | Control and Display Movement Relationship |
| 44 | Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment |
| 45 | Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and Control Panels |
| 46 | Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays |
| 47 | Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment in Remote Space |
| 48 | Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Layout |
| 49 | Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of Equipment Layout |
| 50 | Standing Body Dimensions |
| 51 | Seated Body Dimensions |
| 52 | Depth and Breadth Dimensions |
| 53 | Hand and Foot Dimensions |
| 54 | Gloved Hand Dimensions |
| 55 | Seated Workspace Dimensions |
| 56 | Dimensions for a Computer Workstation |
| 57 | Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk |
| 58 | Seating at CRT-Type Workstations |
| 59 | Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation |
| 60 | Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel |
| 61 | Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel |
| 62 | Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel |
| 63 | Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel |
| 64 | Control Mounting Height for a Kneeling Person |
| 65 | Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel |
| 66 | Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker |
| 67 | Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel |
| 68 | Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel |
| 69 | Required Dimensions for a Squatting Worker |
| 70 | Workplace Dimensions for Shelves with Full Access |
| 71 | Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet |
| 72 | Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Over the Top |
| 73 | Front Clearance Requirement for Lower Shelves |
| 74 | Mounting Height of Status Boards |
| 75 | Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets |
| 76 | Workbench Dimensions |
| 77 | Safe Reach Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier |
| 78 | Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment in Passageways |
| 79 | Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures |
| 80 | Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment |
| 81 | Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls and Displays on a Console Located Athwartship |
| 82 | Seated Single-Operator Console Dimensions |
| 83 | Wraparound Seated Console |
| 84 | Special Width Console |
| 85 | Multi-Tiered Standing Console |
| 86 | Multi-Tiered Seated Console |
| 87 | Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console |
| 88 | Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles |
| 89 | Stair Dimensions |
| 90 | Straight Run Ramp Dimensions |
| 91 | Ramp with Turning Platform |
| 92 | Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform |
| 93 | Vertical Ladder Dimensions |
| 94 | Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement |
| 95 | Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration |
| 96 | Caged Ladder Dimensions |
| 97 | Cage Shape and Size |
| 98 | Ladder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions |
| 99 | Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View) |
| 100 | Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View) |
| 101 | Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View) |
| 102 | Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View) |
| 103 | Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions |
| 104 | Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an Intermediate Platform |
| 105 | Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders |
| 106 | Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders |
| 107 | Fixed Handrail Design |
| 108 | Removable Handrail Dimensions |
| 109 | Special Handrail Design Dimensions |
| 110 | Transition Handrail Dimensions |
| 111 | Additional Personnel Movement-Related Design Features |
| 112 | Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in a Vertical Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening |
| 113 | Dimensions for Rectangular, Square, and Round Hatches, Manways, and Lightening Holes |
| 114 | Dimensions for Lightening Holes |
| 115 | Access to Vertical Escape Hatches |
| 116 | Access to Overhead Hatch |
| 117 | Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch |
| 118 | Door Placement |
| 119 | Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque |
| 120 | Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Vertical Stems |
| 121 | Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Horizontal Stems |
| 122 | Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems |
| 123 | Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Vertical Stems |
| 124 | Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Horizontal Stems |
| 125 | Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible From One Side Only |
| 126 | Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position |
| 127 | Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface |
| 128 | Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves |
| 129 | Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves |
| 130 | Operating Valves from a Ladder |
| 131 | Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship |
| 132 | Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft |
| 133 | Valve Manifold for Fill, High-Suction, and Low-Suction Valves |
| 134 | Default Push Button |
| 135 | Push Button States |
| 136 | Radio Buttons |
| 137 | Check Boxes |
| 138 | Slider Control |
| 139 | Message Window Design |
| 140 | Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications |
| 141 | Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance |
| 142 | Permissible Noise Exposure Limits |
| 143 | Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements |
| 144 | Surface Reflectance Values |
| 145 | Health Guidance Zones for Limited Exposures |
| 146 | Independent Symbols |
| 147 | Guidelines for Labels on Consoles and Panels |
| 148 | Control and Control Setting Labels |
| 149 | Control and Display Group Labels |
| 150 | Control Setting Labels for Multiple Controls |
| 151 | Equipment Label Format |
| 152 | Sensor Label |
| 153 | Pipe Marker Labels |
| 154 | Pipe Marker Labels with Two Colors |
| 155 | Hazard Signal Word Headers |
| 156 | Examples of Text and Symbol on Signs |
| 157 | Example of Information Sign |
| 158 | Examples of Push-Pull Forces |
| 159 | Handle Dimensions |
| 160 | Use of Hand Trucks |
| 161 | Use of Dollies |
| 162 | Case Orientation |
| 163 | Access Opening Covers |
| 164 | Example of Alignment Pins |
| 165 | Cable Arrangements |
| 166 | Suggested Cable Arrangement in a Junction Box |
| 167 | Fluid Line Connection Recommendations |
| 168 | Areas Not To Place Items on Bulkhead |
| 169 | Safety Barriers |
| LIST OF TABLES |
| Table | Title |
| 1 | Recommended Manual Controls |
| 2 | Control Movement Expectations |
| 3 | Minimum Spacing Between Two Controls |
| 4 | Comparison of Displacement and Isometric Controls |
| 5 | Typical Status Display and Alarm Color Codes for North American Industry |
| 6 | Character Sizes for Digital Displays |
| 7 | Functional Evaluation of Types of Audio Signals |
| 8 | Guidelines for Color Coding of Visual Alarms |
| 9 | General Recommendations for Sound Loudness and Frequency |
| 10 | Guidelines for Selecting Audible Alarm Sounds |
| 11 | Clothing and Postural Effects |
| 12 | International Geographical Regions for Which Anthropometric Data Are Available |
| 13 | Standing Height Dimensions-International Population |
| 14 | Seated Eye Height Dimensions-International Population |
| 15 | Forward Functional Reach Dimensions-International Population |
| 16 | Male Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World |
| 17 | Female Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World |
| 18 | Weights for American Adult Females and Males |
| 19 | Seated Workspace Dimensions |
| 20 | Dimensions for a Seated Computer Workstation |
| 21 | Maximum Overhead Extended and Gripping Reach |
| 22 | Selection of Access Type |
| 23 | Stair Dimensions |
| 24 | Stair Widths |
| 25 | Handrail Arrangements |
| 26 | Recommended Ramp Angle Inclinations |
| 27 | Walkway and Passageway Dimensions |
| 28 | Dimensions for Additional Personnel Movement-Related Features |
| 29 | Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Mounted Below the Standing Surface |
| 30 | System Response Time Limits |
| 31 | Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonkeyboard Input Devices |
| 32 | Keyboard Push-Button Characteristics |
| 33 | Pointer Shapes and Associated Functions |
| 34 | Pointing Device Button Actions |
| 35 | Limiting Dimensions for Mouse |
| 36 | Maximum Permissible Noise Levels |
| 37 | Noise Attenuation from Hearing Protectors |
| 38 | Lighting Levels for Ships and Maritime Structures |
| 39 | Maximum Brightness Ratios |
| 40 | Operational Environment Types |
| 41 | Examples of Equipment Labels |
| 42 | Pipe Label Format |
| 43 | Example Color-Coding Scheme for Vessel/Structure Piping |
| 44 | Chromaticity Coordinates for Color Coding |
| 45 | Message Text Character Heights |
| 46 | Design Weight Limits for Lifting |
| 47 | Design Weight Limits for Carrying |
| 48 | Limiting Factors |
| 49 | Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms) |
| 50 | Cross-Legged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms) |
| 51 | Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms) |
| 52 | Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm) |
| 53 | Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm) |
| 54 | Opening Dimensions for Single-Hand Access with Tools |
| 55 | Opening Dimensions for Single-Hand Access without Tools |
| 56 | Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools |
| 57 | Opening Dimensions for Two-Hand Access |
| 58 | Thermal Temperature Limits |
| 59 | Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Consequences |
| 60 | Minimum Speech Intelligibility Scores |
| X1.1 | Human Factors Checklist for Design |