Personnel
Foreword
1 Scope
2 General
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Measurement of temperature
2.3 Thermal cycle and width of the heated band
2.4 Control of heat losses during heat treatment
2.5 Support of pipe during heating
2.6 Safety
3 Induction heating
3.1 General
3.2 Effect of composition and temperature of the pipe
3.3 Control of heat losses
3.4 Coils
3.5 Ampere turns
3.6 Location of turns of the coil
3.7 Relative advantages and disadvantages of induction
heating
3.8 Supplementary information: process details
4 Electric resistance heating
4.1 General
4.2 Heaters
4.3 Insulation
4.4 Power sources
4.5 Temperature monitoring and controlling devices
4.6 Relative advantages and disadvantages of resistance
heating
4.7 Supplementary information:process details
5 Flame heating
5.1 General
5.2 Heat sources
5.3 Torch sizes
5.4 Heated area
5.5 Flame adjustment
5.6 Flame attitude
5.7 Protection from the elements
5.8 Holding
5.9 Cooling
5.10 Relative advantages and disadvantages of flame heating
6 Exothermic heating
6.1 General
6.2 Nature of the process
6.3 Selection of the exothermic package
6.4 Premolded exothermic kits
6.5 "Do-it-yourself" kits
6.6 Relative advantages and disadvantage of exothermic
heating
7 Gas-flame generated infrared heating
7.1 General
7.2 Fundamentals
7.3 Burner arrangements
7.4 Controlling gas-flame generated infrared energy
7.5 Relative advantages and disadvantages of gas-flame
generated infrared heating
8 Radiant heating by quartz lamps
8.1 General
8.2 Description of heating method
8.3 Radiant heating equipment
8.4 Relative advantages and disadvantages of quartz lamp
radiant heating
9 Comparison of heating process
10 Safety and health
Appendix - Document list
Tables
1 Thermocouple data
2 Typical quartz lamps
Figures
1 Typical thermocouple attachment by capacitor discharge
welding
2 Typical cross section of pipe weld ready for postweld
heat treatment
3 Typical setup for preheating pipe welds using electric
resistance finger-element heaters
4 Typical thermocouple attachment using flattened tubing
5 Induction coil setup
6 Split elements for horizontal pipe
7 Finger element heater
8 Braided heater
9 Typical setup of flexible ceramic pad elements
10 Wrap-around heater
11 Attachment of various types of heater
12 Application of exothermic kit
13 Typical exothermic heat treatment with NPS 6 Sch. 80
(168 mm OD x 11 mm wall)
14 Components of premolded exothermic kits
15 Application of flexible exothermic kit
16 Materials for the exothermic heat treatment of NPS 4 Sch.
80 (115 mm OD x 9 mm wall) pipe-to-pipe butt joints at
1300-1450 deg F (705-790 deg C)
17 Materials for the exothermic heat treatment of NPS 4 Sch.
80 (115 mm OD x 9mm wall) pipe-to-90 deg elbow butt
joints at 1300-1450 deg F (705-790 deg C)
18 Electromagnetic spectrum
19 Gas-flame generated heating unit for 14 ft (4.9m)
diameter circular weld joining a 4in. (100mm) and a
3in. (76mm) thick section
20 Burners for circumferential welds
21 Quartz tube: argon and tungsten filament
22 Relative positions of filament, reflector, and work
23 "Infrared furnace" of lamp reflector units, clamshelled
or assembled around pipe
24 Heating rate variation with the target surface