FOREWORD
1. SCOPE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 LIST OF LETTER SYMBOLS
1.3 GENERAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO CONVERTER
CIRCUITS AND POLE TOPOLOGIES FOR VSC CIRCUITS
1.4 VSC Unit Equipment
1.5 VSC Substation Equipment
1.6 References
2. VSC TRANSMISSION APPLICATIONS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Examples of Possible VSC transmission Applications
2.3 The Voltage Sourced Converter as a Black Box
2.4 The Principles of Active and Reactive Power Control
2.5 Operating Principles of a VSC transmission Scheme
2.6 Losses
2.7 Summary of the Basic Characteristics of VSC
transmission
2.8 REFERENCES
3. BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF VSC TRANSMISSION
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Operational Principle of Two-Level Converters
3.3 Two-Level VSC - Three-Phase Configuration
3.4 Active and Reactive Power VSC
3.5 VSC Control and Harmonics
3.6 References
4. VSC TRANSMISSION TOPOLOGIES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Converter Phase Unit Topologies
4.3 Combination of Converter Phase Units
4.4 Concluding Discussion
4.5 References
5. VSC TRANSMISSION VALVES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Semiconductors for VSC Transmission
5.3 VSC Valve Design Considerations
5.4 Thermal Design
5.5 Mechanical Structure of the Valve [5-1]
5.6 Valve Hall or Valve Enclosures
5.7 References
6. OTHER MAIN EQUIPMENT FOR VSC TRANSMISSION SCHEMES
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Power Components of a VSC transmission Scheme
6.3 VSC Substation Circuit-breaker
6.4 AC System Side Harmonic Filters
6.5 Radiofrequency Interference Filters
6.6 Interface Transformers and Phase Reactors
6.7 Converter Side Harmonic Filters and HF Blocking
Filter
6.8 VSC DC Capacitor
6.9 DC Filter
6.10 Neutral Point Grounding Branch
6.11 DC Reactor
6.12 Common Mode Blocking Reactor
6.13 DC Cable and Overhead Transmission Lines
6.14 Special Aspects for Back-to-Back DC Transmission
Systems
6.15 References
7. VSC CONTROL
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Modes of Control
7.3 Information Requirements for Controls
7.4 Performance of Controls
7.5 Levels of Controls
7.6 Coordination of Controls
7.7 References
8. FAULT PERFORMANCE AND PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
8.1 Protection System Philosophy
8.2 Type of Protection and Fault Clearing Actions
8.3 VSC Substation Protection
8.4 Internal Faults in the VSC Substation
8.5 External Faults and Switching Transients on the
AC Side
8.6 Faults on the DC Transmission Line or Cable
8.7 References
9. HARMONIC PERFORMANCE
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wave Distortion
9.3 Fundamental and Harmonics
9.4 Harmonic Voltages on Power Systems Due to VSC Operation
9.5 Design Considerations for Harmonic Filters (AC side)
9.6 DC Side Filtering
9.7 References
10. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Audible Noise
10.3 Visual Impact
10.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF)
10.5 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
10.6 References
11. APPLICATION STUDIES
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Feasibility Studies
11.3 Specification Studies
11.4 Implementation Studies
11.5 Modelling of the VSC Scheme
11.6 References
12. TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Testing and Commissioning Process
12.3 Factory Tests
12.4 Site Tests (Commissioning)
12.5 References
13. LIFE-CYCLE COST
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Determination of the Profitability of an Investment
13.3 Life-cycle Costing
13.4 Benefits of Controllability
13.5 References
14. COMPARISON OF LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTER AND VSC
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Differences Resulting from the Commutation Principle
14.3 Differences Resulting from the Source Type
14.4 Summary
14.5 References
15. VSC TRANSMISSION OUTLOOK
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Future Trends
15.3 References
16. CONCLUSION
APPENDIX A: LIST OF VSC TRANSMISSION SCHEMES
APPENDIX B: FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION FOR A VSC TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
1. Introduction
2. Utility and Manufacturer Information Requirements
2.1 General Requirements
2.2 Power System Characteristics
2.3a DC Line/Cable (In case of Turnkey, supplied by the
converter manufacturer)
2.3b DC Line/Cable (Not supplied by the converter
manufacturer)
2.4 Steady-State Performance
2.5 Dynamic Performance, Control and Monitoring Facilities
2.6 Maintenance and Spares
2.7 Site and Environmental
2.8 Factory and Commissioning Tests
2.9 Other Considerations
3. Equipment Design Standards
APPENDIX C: OVERVIEW OF LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTER BASED, HVDC
1. Introduction
2. System Configuration
2.1 Converters
2.2 Converter Transformers
2.3 Harmonic Filters
2.4 Shunt Capacitors
2.5 DC Reactors
2.6 DC Connections
3. HVDC System Control and Operating Characteristics
4. List of LCC HVDC Schemes
5. References