AGA XH0105 : 2001

I. HISTORY OF THE USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL GAS
          CHAPTER REVIEW
II. PROPERTIES AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES
     Chemical Composition of Fuel Gases
     Natural Gases
     Liquefied Petroleum Gases(LPG)
     Manufactured and Mixed Gases
     Odorants Added to Gas
     Specific Gravity
     Heating Value
          CHAPTER REVIEW
III. COMBUSTION OF GAS
     The Meaning of Combustion
     Requirements for Combustion
     Basic Chemistry of Combustion
     Controlled Combustion
     Explosive Combustion
     Limits of Flammability
     Burning Speed
     Complete Combustion
     Incomplete Combustion - Causes and Effects
     Carbon Monoxide
     Testing for Carbon Monoxide
     Aldehydes
     Oxides of Nitrogen, Hydrocarbons
          CHAPTER REVIEW
IV. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF GAS BURNERS
     Yellow Flame Burners
     Blue Flame (Bunsen) Burner
     Radiant Burner
     Primary Air, Secondary Air, Excess Air
     Flame Appearance and Stability
     Lifting Burner Flames
     Flashback
     Yellow Tipping of Flames
     Effects of Combustion Air Flow Rates on Appliance
     Efficiency
     Control of Combustion Air Flow
     Calculation of Excess Air Percentage
     Impingement of Burner Flames on Cool Surfaces
Typical Burner Components
     Gas Orifice
     Air Shutter
     Venturi Throat
     Mixing Tube
     Burner Head
     Burner Ports
Operation of Burners
     Atmospheric Burners
     Power Burners
     Forced and Induced Draft Burners
     Premixing and Pressure Power Burners
Appliance Burner Designs
     Drilled Port Burners
     Slotted Port Burners
     Ribbon Port Burners
     Single Port Burners
     Infrared Radiant Burners
     Jet Burners
     Impingement Target Burners
Gas Hearth Appliance Burners
     Main Burners
     Tube or Box Burners
Ceramic Tile Burners
Pilot Burners
     Primary Aerated Pilot Burners
     Non-Primary Aerated Pilot Burners
     Oxygen Depletion Sensing (ODS) Pilots
          CHAPTER REVIEW
V. BURNER ORIFICES
     Types of Orifices
          Fixed Orifices
          Adjustable Orifices
          Universal Orifices
     Orifice Discharge Coefficient (Orifice Constant)
     Measuring Gas Input Rates
     Measuring Gas Flow
     Measuring Gas Pressure
     Sizing Orifices for Desired Gas Flow Rates
     Sizing Inputs by Flame Spread Method
     Compensation for Altitude on Setting Inputs
          CHAPTER REVIEW
VI. VENTING
     Unusually Tight Construction
          CHAPTER REVIEW
VII. BURNER PROBLEMS
     Lifting Flames (Blowing Flames)
          How to Recognize Lifting Flames
          Results of Lifting Flames
          Corrections for Lifting Flame
     Flashback
          How to Recognize Flashback
          Results of Flashback
          Corrections for Flashback
     Extinction Pop (Flashback on Extinction)
          How to Recognize Extinction Pop
          Results of Extinction Pop
          Corrections for Extinction Pop
     Yellow Tipping (Yellow Flames)
          How to Recognize Yellow Tipping
          Results of Yellow Tipping
          Corrections for Yellow Tipping
     Fluctuating Flames
          How to Recognize Fluctuating Flames
          Results of Fluctuating Flames
          Corrections for Fluctuating Flames
     Unstable or Wavering Flames
          How to Recognize Wavering Flames
          Results of Wavering Flames
          Corrections for Wavering Flames
     Floating Flames
          How to Recognize Floating Flames
          Results of Floating Flames
          Corrections for Floating Flames
     Flame Rollout
          How to Recognize Flame Rollout
          Results of Flame Rollout
          Corrections for Flame Rollout
     Gas Odor at Primary Air Openings
     Corrosion of Appliances
          CHAPTER REVIEW
TABLES
     Table 1 - Carboxyhemoglobin Levels and Related
               Health Effects
     Table 2 - Sample Air Quality Standards and
               Guidelines (Carbon dioxide, CO, and
               Nitrogen dioxide)
     Table 3 - Gas Input to Burner in Cubic Feet Per Hour
     Table 4 - Utility Gases (Cubic Feet Per Hour at Sea
               Level)
     Table 5 - LP-Gases (Btu Per Hour at Sea Level)
     Table 6 - Factors for Utility Gases of Another
               Specific Gravity
     Table 7 - Equivalent Orifice Sizes at High Altitudes
               (Includes 4 Percent Input Reduction for
               Each 1,000 Feet)
     Table 8 - Table of Conversion Factors
REFERENCE SOURCES
GLOSSARY
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER REVIEW

Fundamentals manual has been combined with the workbook. Includes history; properties and general characteristics of gases; combustion of gas; flammability limits; testing for CO; design and operation of burners ; burner orifices; venting and burner problems. A useful reference for vocational-technical schools, appliance service and repairmen and utility employees.