AOP 25 : 1999

1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE LIGHTNING DISCHARGE
3. LIGHTNING CURRENT WAVEFORMS AND PARAMETERS
    3.1 NATURAL LIGHTNING
    3.2 DESIGN AIM PARAMETERS AND LIGHTNING TEST WAVEFORMS
    3.3 GROUND NEARBY ENVIRONMENT
4. LIGHTNING INTERACTION WITH WEAPON SYSTEMS OR MUNITIONS5
    4.1 FORM OF INTERACTION
    4.2 SWEPT STROKES
    4.3 ZONING CONCEPTS
    4.4 THE SWEEPING LEADER EFFECT AND TRANSITION ZONE (ZONE 1C)
    4.5 THE ZONING CONCEPT APPLIED TO WEAPONS
    4.6 TRIGGERED AND INTERCEPTED LIGHTNING STRIKES
5. PARTICULAR CATEGORIES OF WEAPONS AND THEIR LOCATIONS
    5.1 GROUND BASED
    5.2 AIR BASED
    5.3 SEA BASED
    5.4 WEAPON CLASSES
6. CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTNING EFFECTS
7. GROUP I (DIRECT) EFFECTS
    7.1 OHMIC HEATING: THERMAL DAMAGE
    7.2 OHMIC HEATING: DISRUPTIVE MECHANICAL FORCES
    7.3 ARC ROOT (ATTACHMENT POINT) DAMAGE
    7.4 ACOUSTIC SHOCK WAVE
    7.5 MAGNETIC PRESSURE AND FORCES
    7.6 GROUP I SPARK
    7.7 'EXPLODING ARCS' AND HYDRAULIC SHOCK
8. GROUP II (INDIRECT) EFFECTS
    8.1 INDUCED TRANSIENTS IN WEAPON SYSTEMS
    8.2 GROUP II SPARKING AND DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN
    8.3 GROUP II EFFECTS TO GROUND WEAPON COMPLEXES
9. GROUP III EFFECTS
10. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROUP II TESTS AND EQUIPMENT TESTS
    10.1 BACKGROUND
    10.2 MULTIPLE STROKE/MULTIPLE BURST TESTING
11. GROUP IV (LEADER PHASE) EFFECTS
    11.1 ATTACHMENT
    11.2 DIELECTRIC PUNCTURE
12. LIGHTNING EFFECTS TO EXPLOSIVES AND FUEL AND ASSOCIATED
    ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
    12.1 EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED
    12.2 IGNITION OF SOLID EXPLOSIVES INCLUDING PROPELLANTS
    12.3 IGNITION OF FUEL AND LIQUID EXPLOSIVES INCLUDING
         PROPELLANTS
    12.4 DAMAGE TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
13. RISK ANALYSIS
    13.1 RISK DEFINITION
    13.2 LIKELIHOOD OF OCCURRENCE
    13.3 EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES OF A
         LIGHTNING EVENT
14. PROTECTION AGAINST A LIGHTNING EVENT
    14.1 PROTECTION METHODS
    14.2 WEAPON DESIGN
    14.3 EXTERNAL PROTECTION
15. PURPOSE OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION PLAN AND LIGHTNING
    HAZARD DESIGN ANALYSIS
16. NEED FOR TESTING
17. TEST PLAN, TEST SCHEDULE AND TEST REPORT
18. FACTORS AFFECTING THE NEED FOR TESTING
19. TEST COMBINATIONS
20. ENERGETIC MATERIAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT TESTS
21. COMPOSITE TEST WAVEFORM FOR GROUP I AND SOME GROUP II
    EFFECTS
22. LIGHTNING TEST WAVEFORMS FOR GROUPS II & IV EFFECTS
23. DESIGN, ASSESSMENT, AND TEST GUIDANCE
24. HAZARDS ARISING FROM TESTING
ANNEX A - DEFINITIONS
1. WEAPON CLASSES
2. PROPERTIES OF LIGHTNING
3. INTERACTION WITH WEAPONS
4. OTHER DEFINITIONS
5. CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTNING EFFECTS ON WEAPONS
ANNEX B - GROUP II EFFECTS HAZARD ASSESSMENT GUIDANCE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SUMMARY OF GROUP II EFFECTS MECHANISMS
3. WEAPON CLEARANCE
4. GROUP II TESTS ON WHOLE WEAPONS
5. GROUP II TEST ON PARTS OF WEAPONS
6. ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGES LIABLE TO STRESS INSULATION OR
    CAUSE VOLTAGE FLASHOVER
ANNEX C - DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
3. PARTICULAR DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
ANNEX D - LIQUID EXPLOSIVE AND FUEL - HAZARD ASSESSMENT
          AND DESIGN GUIDANCE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HAZARD MECHANISMS
3. FUEL CHARACTERISTICS AND CRITERIA FOR EXPLOSION OR
    COMBUSTION
4. FUEL AND LIQUID EXPLOSIVE HAZARD ASSESSMENTS AND TESTS
ANNEX E - TECHNIQUES AND GUIDANCE FOR GROUP I TESTS
1. SIMULATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
2. TEST CURRENT GENERATION
3. REFERENCE TO EARTH POTENTIAL
4. DIAGNOSTI
5. FACTORS AFFECTING THE NEED FOR TESTING
ANNEX F - TECHNIQUES FOR GROUP IV TESTS
1. DIELECTRIC PUNCTURE TESTS.
2. SELECTION OF TEST WAVEFORM
3. TEST GUIDANCE
ANNEX G - TECHNIQUES FOR EQUIPMENT TESTS
1. DETERMINATION OF TRANSIENTS TO BE APPLIED TO EQUIPMENT
2. BULK CABLE INJECTION
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PULSE GENERATOR
4. PROVISION OF EQUIPMENT FOR TEST
5. THE DAMPED SINEWAVE INJECTION TEST
6. THE GROUND VOLTAGE INJECTION TEST
ANNEX H - LIST OF REFERENCES

Specifies the factors to be assessed in determining if munitions or weapon systems and their launching platforms (according to the applicability of STANAG 4327) are at hazard from events associated with lightning phenomena. It also gives guidance concerning the lightning hazard assessment requirements of STANAG 4327.