API 2524 : 1992

1 Executive summary
1.1 Major study findings
1.2 Validity assessment
1.3 Recommendations
1.3.1 Crude oil loading emissions
1.3.2 Gasoline loading emissions
1.3.3 Crude oil ballasting emissions
2 Introduction
3 Literature search and survey
4 Review of marine vessel emission data
       bases/models
4.1 API 2514A, atmospheric hydrocarbon emissions from
       marine vessel transfer operations
4.1.1 Review of sampling/analytical procedures used for
       the API test data bases
4.1.2 Gasoline loading
4.1.3 Crude oil loading emissions
4.1.4 Crude oil ballasting emissions
4.2 Valdez tanker loading - Alyeska report
4.2.1 Test data base description and evaluation
4.2.2 Description of ARCO mechanistic model
4.2.3 Description of BP mechanistic model
4.3 EXXON marine vessel loading emission model
4.3.1 Test data base and evaluation
5 Comparison of vessel loading/ballasting emission
       estimates
5.1 Crude oil loading emissions predictions
5.1.1 API model crude oil loading emissions predictions
5.1.2 ARCO Plano model crude oil loading emission
       predictions
5.1.3 EXXON model crude oil loading emission
       predictions
5.2 Comparison of ARCO, EXXON, and API 2514A crude
       oil loading emission estimates
5.3 Comparison of EXXON and API 2514A gasoline
       loading emission estimates
5.4 Comparison of API 2514A crude oil ballasting
       emission estimates with actual test data
5.5 Summary of direct crude oil loading emission
       comparisons
6 Validity and application of API emission
       estimates
6.1 Test data base/model summary
6.2 Review of parameters affecting generated
       component emissions
6.3 Review of parameters affecting arrival component
       emissions
6.4 Review of API crude oil loading model equation
7 Recommendations for improving the validity of the
       API 2514A emission estimates
7.1 Crude oil loading emissions
7.2 Gasoline loading emissions
7.3 Crude oil ballasting emissions
8 References
8.1 Personal communications
Appendix A - Crude oil loading emissions/comparison
             test data base
Figures
5-1 Crude oil loading average arrival emissions
5-2 Crude oil loading average generated emissions
5-3 Crude oil loading average total emissions
6-1 Crude oil loading measured generated emissions
     versus true vapor pressure
6-2 Crude oil loading measured generated emissions
     versus loaded temperature difference
6-3 Crude oil loading measured generated emissions
     versus surface area
6-4 Crude oil loading measured generated emissions
     versus loaded rate
6-5 Crude oil loading measured generated emissions
     versus loaded crude temperature
6-6 Crude oil loading measured generated emissions
     versus dead weight tonnage
6-7 Crude oil loading measured arrival emissions versus
     percent cargo space crude oil washed (Alyeska data
     only)
Tables
All tables are shown at the end of their respective
sections

Consultant CH2M Hill confirmed the validity of the model used in 2514A by comparing emission test data with predictive emission models developed by API, ARCO and Exxon. The study found that the API model adequately predicts emissions for tanks ranging in size from 17,000 to 35,000 dead weight tons and for tanks being loaded with the lower-48 states. The model does not appear to apply to crude oil loading of tankers in Valdez, Alaska, because of unique local operating conditions. However, no known test data invalidates the model for predicting crude oil loading emissions from carriers smaller than very large crude carriers in the lower-48 states.