API 344 : 1998

Acronyms
Executive summary
1. Introduction
       Report organization
2. Background
       National ambient PM2.5 standards
       Particulate matter in the atmosphere
         Particle size
         Factors affecting ambient particle size and composition
         Chemical composition
       Aerosol Formation
         Primary particles
         Secondary particles: chemical and physical transformation
                               in the atmosphere
         Secondary sulfate pathways
         Secondary nitrate pathways
         Secondary organic aerosols
       Petroleum industry combustion sources
3. Ambient air sampling and analysis methods
       Ambient particulate sampling methods
         Size-selective inlets
         Filter media and filter holders
         Flow measurement, control and movement
       Filter analysis methods
         Mass
         Elements
         Ions
         Carbon measurements
         Speciated organic compounds
       Organic gas sampling and analysis methods
         Whole-air sampling
         Preconcentration methods
         Selective methods of compound preconcentration
         Semi-volatile compounds
4. Traditional stationary source emission measurements
       Particulate emissions
       Particle size distribution and PM10
       PM2.5 precursors
         Semivolatile organic compounds
         Ammonia
         NOx and SOx
         SOx
         Elemental analysis
5. Aerosol source emissions measurements
       Dilution sampling versus traditional approaches
       Evolution of dilution sampler designs
       Current dilution sampler designs
         Caltech system
         Desert research institute (SRI) system
         Nuclear environmental analysis, Inc. (NEA) system
         URG system
         Southern research institute system
         California air resources board system
       Consideration for petroleum industry source tests
         Portability
         Sample collection
         Sampling media selection
6. Recommendations
       Test objectives
       Test methodology
         Dilution ratio
         Residence time
         Particle losses
         Sample contamination
         Flow control and measurement
         Field use
7. References

This report gives a review of sampling and analysis techniques for characterizing stationary source emissions of organic aerosols, fine particulate matter, and their precursors. It is intended that this information be used in designing future measurement programs for characterizing emissions from stationary sources which contribute to fine particle concentrations in the atmosphere. The review in this report is based on literature and discussions with technical/scientific experts in academia, industry and the regulatory community.