API 4394 : 1985

Executive Summary
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Program Objective
2.2 Phase I - Technical Approach and Report Outline
2.3 Soil Gas Sampling in Context
3.0 Description and Evaluation of Available Methods
3.1 Grab Sampling of Soil Cores
3.1.1 General Description
3.1.2 Methods and Materials
3.1.3 Analytical Methods
3.1.4 Method Evaluation
3.1.5 Recommendations for Application
3.2 Surface Flux Chambers
3.2.1 General Description
3.2.2 Methods and Materials
3.2.3 Analytical Methods
3.2.4 Method Evaluation
3.2.5 Recommendations for Application
3.3 Downhole Flux Chamber
3.3.1 General Description
3.3.2 Methods and Materials
3.3.3 Analytical Methods
3.3.4 Method Evaluation
3.3.5 Recommendations for Application
3.4 Accumulator Device
3.4.1 General Description
3.4.2 Methods and Materials
3.4.3 Analytical Methods
3.4.4 Method Evaluation
3.4.5 Recommendations for Application
3.5 Ground Probe Testing
3.5.1 General Description
3.5.2 Methods and Materials
3.5.3 Analytical Methods
3.5.4 Method Evaluation
3.5.5 Recommendations for Application
3.6 Analytical Methods
4.0 Conclusions
5.0 Recommendations
6.0 References
Appendix A - Results of Literature Search
Appendix B - Results of Phone Interviews
List of Figures
2-1 Diagram of Underground Hydrocarbon Contamination
3-1 Soil Core Sample Sleeve
3-2 Surface Flux Chamber and Peripheral Equipment
3-3 Schematic Diagram of the Downhole Isolation Flux
      Chamber
3-4 Schematic Diagram of the Shallow Mapping Flux
      Ground Probe
3-5 Curie-Point Wire Accumulator Device
3-6 Build-up and Attenuation of Volatiles from Gasoline
      through a Sand Column and through Undisturbed Wet
      Clay Soil as Measured by Curie-Point Wire Sampler
3-7 Hypothetical Diffusion Pattern (Below) and Measured
      Surface Flux Anomaly (Above) as Measured by the
      Curie-Point Wire Sampler
3-8 Ground Probe Design Used by Russell and Appleyard
      (57)
3-9 Ground Probe Design Used by Tackett (62)
3-10 Ground Probe Design Used by Neglia & Favretto (68)
3-11 Ground Probe Design Used by Thorburn et al (69)
3-12 Ground Probe Design Used by Swallow & Gschwend (49)
3-13 Ground Probe Design Used by Walther et al (50)
3-14 Ground Probe Design Used by LaBrecque et al (7)
3-15 Ground Probe Driver and Extractor Used by LaBrecque
      et al (7)
3-16 Sampling Manifold and Pump Used by LaBrecque et al
      (7)
3-17 Ground Probe Design Used by Radian Corporation (8)
3-18 Ground Probe Design Used by Crow et al (75)
3-19 Ground Probe Design of Lovell et al (70)
3-20 Ground Probe Design Used by Swallow (71)
List of Tables
3-1 Criteria for Selecting Soil Sampling Equipment
3-2 Comparison of Emissions Data by the Different
      Sampling Methodologies
3-3 Quality Control Results and Correction Factors
      for Emission Sampling
3-4 Theoretical Range of Emissions per Enclosure
4-1 Comparison of Soil Gas Sampling Techniques

Alternative way to analyze soil vapor/gas to find subsurface hydrocarbon contamination.