![header thumbnail](/images/publishers\api_cover.gif)
API 4639 : 1996
Withdrawn
A Withdrawn Standard is one, which is removed from sale, and its unique number can no longer be used. The Standard can be withdrawn and not replaced, or it can be withdrawn and replaced by a Standard with a different number.
![header thumbnail](/images/publishers\api_cover.gif)
ESTIMATION OF FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM PETROLEUM REFINERY PROCESS DRAINS
01-02-2024
01-04-1996
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
PROBLEM DEFINITION
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Objectives
General Approach
Summary
FACTORS AFFECTING EMISSIONS
FIELD STUDIES
Frequency of Outgassing Drains
Fugitive Emissions Measurements
EMISSION MODELS
Emission Factors
Equilibrium-Based Models
Kinetics-Based Models
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
SUMMARY OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE BASE
3 SURVEY OF REFINERY PROCESS DRAINS
APPROACH
MAJOR FINDINGS
Number of Drains
Types of Drain Structures
Active Drains
Type of Discharge
Temperature
RECOMMENDATIONS
4 MODEL AND INFLUENCING FACTORS
CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM
AIR EXCHANGE WITHIN A PROCESS UNIT
PARAMETERS AND INFLUENCING FACTORS
SUMMARY OF PROPOSED MODEL
5 PHASE II PROTOCOL
LABORATORY SCALE
Test System
Fluid Simulation
Dosing Procedure
Oxygen Uptake Rate Determination
Liquid Sampling and Analysis
Gas Sampling and Analysis
Recommendations for Laboratory Scale Phase II
work
PILOT SCALE
Drain Structure
Fluid Simulation
Dosing Procedure
Wastewater Sampling and Analysis
Recommendations for Pilot Scale Phase II Work
ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR FIELD MEASUREMENTS
Wastewater Sampling and Analysis
Wastewater Flow
6 TESTING OF PHASE II PROTOCOL
LABORATORY SCALE ASSESSMENT
Experimental Conditions
Results
Duplicate Sample Analysis
Mass Balance Closure
Stripping Efficiencies
Conclusions
PILOT SCALE ASSESSMENTS
Experimental Plan
Results
Mass Balance Closure
Stripping Efficiency
Conclusions
ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATE PROCEDURES
Wastewater Flowrate
Wastewater Sampling
7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PHASE II WORK
REFERENCES
Appendix A
LITERATURE REVIEW BRIEFS
Appendix B
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
Appendix C
SURVEY OF PROCESS DRAINS REPORTS
Appendix D
MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR REFINERY PROCESS DRAINS
MASS TRANSFER ABOVE HUB
MASS TRANSFER BELOW HUB AND ABOVE TRAP/CHANNEL
MASS TRANSFER WITHIN A TRAP
MASS TRANSFER BELOW A TRAP
Appendix E
RECOMMENDED LABORATORY SCALE TASKS FOR PHASE II
TASK 1: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
TASK 2: MODEL PARAMETER ESTIMATION
TASK 3: EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DRAIN
CONFIGURATIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
2-1 Schematic of Sample Train for Baggable Source
(Vacuum Method)
2-2 Schematic of Sample Train for Blow-Through Method
3-1 Major components of a Drain Structure
3-2 Drain Structures at the West Coast Refinery
3-3 P-Trap Water Sealed Drain at the Midwest Refinery
3-4 Unsealed Drain Funnel at the Midwest Refinery
3-5 P-Trap Types at the East Coast Refinery
3.6 Running P-Traps at the East Coast Refinery
4.1 Mass Transfer Mechanisms in Process Drains
4-2 Illustration of Co-current Cumulative Ventilation
Model
5-1 Schematic of Pilot Drain System
5-2 Schematic of Recirculating Batch Reactor
5-3 Schematic of Pilot Drain Structure
5-4 Schematic of Gas Sampling Apparatus
6-1 Acetone Calibration Curve
LIST OF TABLES
2-1 Major Reports Related to Emissions from Process
Drains
2-2 Factors Affecting Mass Transfer Reported in
Existing Literature
2-3 Factors Affecting Ventilation Reported in
Existing Literature
3-1 Summary of Drain Survey Data
5-1 Henry's Law Coefficients for Target VOCs at 22 deg C
5-2 Number of Experiments at Each Operating Condition
6-1 Summary of Experimental Conditions
6-2 Stripping Efficiencies
6-3 Experimental Conditions
6-4 Dosed Contaminants
6-5 Sampling Schedule
6-6 Analytical Data - Experiment 1
6-7 Analytical Data - Experiment 2
6-8 Analytical Data - Experiment 3
6-9 Mass Balance Closures
6-10 Percent Air Emissions/Stripping Efficiency from
Drain Structures
6-11 Comparison of Flowrate Measurements
6-12 Comparison of Wastewater Sampling Results
Access your standards online with a subscription
Features
-
Simple online access to standards, technical information and regulations.
-
Critical updates of standards and customisable alerts and notifications.
-
Multi-user online standards collection: secure, flexible and cost effective.