API 4639 : 1996

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
       OBJECTIVE
       PROBLEM DEFINITION
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
       INTRODUCTION
          Objectives
          General Approach
          Summary
    FACTORS AFFECTING EMISSIONS
    FIELD STUDIES
          Frequency of Outgassing Drains
          Fugitive Emissions Measurements
    EMISSION MODELS
          Emission Factors
          Equilibrium-Based Models
          Kinetics-Based Models
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
    SUMMARY OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE BASE
3 SURVEY OF REFINERY PROCESS DRAINS
    APPROACH
    MAJOR FINDINGS
          Number of Drains
          Types of Drain Structures
          Active Drains
          Type of Discharge
          Temperature
    RECOMMENDATIONS
4 MODEL AND INFLUENCING FACTORS
    CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM
    AIR EXCHANGE WITHIN A PROCESS UNIT
    PARAMETERS AND INFLUENCING FACTORS
    SUMMARY OF PROPOSED MODEL
5 PHASE II PROTOCOL
    LABORATORY SCALE
          Test System
          Fluid Simulation
          Dosing Procedure
          Oxygen Uptake Rate Determination
          Liquid Sampling and Analysis
          Gas Sampling and Analysis
          Recommendations for Laboratory Scale Phase II
          work
    PILOT SCALE
          Drain Structure
          Fluid Simulation
          Dosing Procedure
          Wastewater Sampling and Analysis
          Recommendations for Pilot Scale Phase II Work
    ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR FIELD MEASUREMENTS
          Wastewater Sampling and Analysis
          Wastewater Flow
6 TESTING OF PHASE II PROTOCOL
    LABORATORY SCALE ASSESSMENT
          Experimental Conditions
          Results
          Duplicate Sample Analysis
          Mass Balance Closure
          Stripping Efficiencies
          Conclusions
    PILOT SCALE ASSESSMENTS
          Experimental Plan
          Results
                Mass Balance Closure
                Stripping Efficiency
          Conclusions
    ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATE PROCEDURES
          Wastewater Flowrate
          Wastewater Sampling
7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PHASE II WORK
REFERENCES
Appendix A
LITERATURE REVIEW BRIEFS
Appendix B
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
Appendix C
SURVEY OF PROCESS DRAINS REPORTS
Appendix D
MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR REFINERY PROCESS DRAINS
MASS TRANSFER ABOVE HUB
MASS TRANSFER BELOW HUB AND ABOVE TRAP/CHANNEL
MASS TRANSFER WITHIN A TRAP
MASS TRANSFER BELOW A TRAP
Appendix E
RECOMMENDED LABORATORY SCALE TASKS FOR PHASE II
     TASK 1: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
     TASK 2: MODEL PARAMETER ESTIMATION
     TASK 3: EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DRAIN
             CONFIGURATIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
2-1 Schematic of Sample Train for Baggable Source
     (Vacuum Method)
2-2 Schematic of Sample Train for Blow-Through Method
3-1 Major components of a Drain Structure
3-2 Drain Structures at the West Coast Refinery
3-3 P-Trap Water Sealed Drain at the Midwest Refinery
3-4 Unsealed Drain Funnel at the Midwest Refinery
3-5 P-Trap Types at the East Coast Refinery
3.6 Running P-Traps at the East Coast Refinery
4.1 Mass Transfer Mechanisms in Process Drains
4-2 Illustration of Co-current Cumulative Ventilation
     Model
5-1 Schematic of Pilot Drain System
5-2 Schematic of Recirculating Batch Reactor
5-3 Schematic of Pilot Drain Structure
5-4 Schematic of Gas Sampling Apparatus
6-1 Acetone Calibration Curve
LIST OF TABLES
2-1 Major Reports Related to Emissions from Process
     Drains
2-2 Factors Affecting Mass Transfer Reported in
     Existing Literature
2-3 Factors Affecting Ventilation Reported in
     Existing Literature
3-1 Summary of Drain Survey Data
5-1 Henry's Law Coefficients for Target VOCs at 22 deg C
5-2 Number of Experiments at Each Operating Condition
6-1 Summary of Experimental Conditions
6-2 Stripping Efficiencies
6-3 Experimental Conditions
6-4 Dosed Contaminants
6-5 Sampling Schedule
6-6 Analytical Data - Experiment 1
6-7 Analytical Data - Experiment 2
6-8 Analytical Data - Experiment 3
6-9 Mass Balance Closures
6-10 Percent Air Emissions/Stripping Efficiency from
     Drain Structures
6-11 Comparison of Flowrate Measurements
6-12 Comparison of Wastewater Sampling Results

    

Presents a protocol to facilitate the measurement and modeling of volatile organic compound emissions from refinery process drains. It includes a comprehensive literature review on fugitive emissions from refinery process drains, the results of a survey of process drains at three refineries, a review of models that describe VOC emissions from drain structures and the results from a series of tests carried out to evaluate the suitability of the equipment and procedures that make up the protocol.