API 937-A : 2005

1. INTRODUCTION
2. SAFEROOF
3. TANK RESPONSE TO OVER-PRESSURIZATION
    3.1 EMPTY TANK (NO BUCKLING)
        3.1.1 Zero Internal Gauge Pressure
        3.1.2 Balanced Uplift Pressure
        3.1.3 Roof-to-Shell Joint Failure Pressure
        3.1.4 Shell-to-Bottom Joint Failure Pressure
    3.2 FULL TANK (NO BUCKLING)
        3.2.1 Zero Internal Gauge Pressure
        3.2.2 Balanced uplift Pressure
        3.2.3 Roof-to-Shell Joint Failure Pressure
        3.2.4 Shell-to-Bottom Joint Failure Pressure
    3.3 EMPTY TANK (WITH BUCKLING)
        3.3.1 Roof-to-Shell Joint Failure Pressure
    3.4 SUMMARY OF RESPONSES
4. FAILURE MODES
    4.1 ROOF-TO-SHELL JOINT FAILURE
    4.2 SHELL-TO-BOTTOM JOINT FAILURE DUE TO YIELDING OF
        SHELL
    4.3 FAILURE OF SHELL-TO-BOTTOM JOINT WELD
    4.4 FAILURE OF BOTTOM PLATE WELDS
    4.5 FAILURE OF ATTACHMENTS DUE TO UPLIFT
    4.6 FRACTURE
5. SUPPORTING ANALYSES
    5.1 DESIGNS USED FOR ANALYSIS
        5.1.1 Tank Size Study
        5.1.2 Roof Slope Study
        5.1.3 Roof Thickness Study
        5.1.4 Roof Attachment Study
        5.1.5 Bottom Thickness Study
        5.1.6 Yield Stress Variation Study
    5.2 STATIC LARGE DISPLACEMENT, ELASTIC CALCULATIONS
        5.2.1 Tank Size Study
        5.2.2 Roof Slope Study
        5.2.3 Roof Thickness Study
        5.2.4 Roof Attachment Study
        5.2.5 Bottom Thickness Study
        5.2.6 Yield Stress Variation Study
    5.3 DYNAMIC ELASTIC-PLASTIC CALCULATIONS
        5.3.1 Slow Ramp Analyses using FMA-3D
        5.3.2 Combustion Analyses using FMA-3D
    5.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
6. PROPOSED DESIGN CRITERIA
7. DESIGN CHANGES THAT ENABLE SMALL TANKS TO MEET NEW
    CRITERIA
8. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS FOR CONSIDERATION
9. CONCLUSIONS
10. REFERENCES
11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A. APPENDIX: SIMPLIFIED DESIGN CALCULATIONS
    A.1 EFFECTIVE STRESS
    A.2 UPLIFT PRESSURE
        A.1.1 Empty Tank
        A.1.2 Full Tank
    A.3 ROOF-TO-SHELL JOINT FAILURE PRESSURE
    A.4 SHELL-TO-BOTTOM JOINT FAILURE PRESSURE
    A.5 UPLIFT RADIUS
    A.6 UPLIFT DISPLACEMENT
    A.7 CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS IN BOTTOM
    A.8 BOTTOM LAP JOINT FAILURE STRESS
    A.9 APPLICATION OF SIMPLIFIED CALCULATIONS

Evaluates the relative strengths of the roof-to-shell and shell-to-bottom joints in API 650 cone roof tanks.