Section 1 - Introduction
1.1 Purpose and scope
1.2 Background and organization
1.3 Health and safety considerations
1.4 Regulations and codes
1.5 Referenced publications
Section 2 - Interaction of hydrocarbons and soils
2.1 Overview
2.2 Characteristics of soils
2.2.1 Soil classification
2.2.2 Physical properties of soils
2.3 Characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons
2.3.1 Fuel types and constituents
2.3.2 Physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbon
fuels
2.4 Migration processes
2.4.1 Hydrocarbon phases
2.4.2 Behavior of hydrocarbon phases
Section 3 - Emergency response and initial abatement
3.1 Overview
3.2 Emergency response an initial abatement
activities
3.2.1 Identifying affected areas
3.2.2 Vapor control
3.2.3 Liquid hydrocarbon control
Section 4 - Site assessment
4.1 Overview
4.2 Gathering background information
4.3 Comprehensive assessment
4.3.1 Release and source confirmation
4.3.2 Sampling strategy
4.3.3 Fate and transport criteria
4.3.4 Exposure assessment
4.3.5 Site characterization for corrective-action
selection
Section 5 - Sampling and analysis techniques
5.1 Overview
5.2 Soil sampling techniques
5.2.1 Soil sample collection
5.2.2 Sample handling for on-site analyses
5.2.3 Sample handling and preservation for laboratory
analysis
5.3 Field analytical techniques
5.3.1 Field measurement procedures
5.3.2 Field analytical instruments
5.4 Laboratory analysis of soils
5.4.1 Methods of identifying contaminants
5.4.2 Performance considerations
5.4.3 Analysis of hazardous waste characteristics
Section 6 - Corrective-action options
6.1 Overview
6.1.1 Passive remediation
6.1.2 Active remediation
6.2 Cleanup objectives
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Risk-based criteria for cleanup
6.3 Soil remediation strategy
6.3.1 Establishing cleanup objectives
6.3.2 Identifying and selecting remedial options
6.3.3 Implementing and monitoring the remedial system
6.3.4 Terminating the corrective action
6.4 Corrective-action technologies
6.4.1 Passive remediation
6.4.2 In situ technologies
6.4.3 Aboveground technologies
Section 7 - References
7.1 Referenced publications
7.2 Suggested further reading
7.2.1 Background
7.2.2 Assessment of hydrocarbons
7.2.3 Venting
7.2.4 Bioremediation
7.2.5 Treatment
7.2.6 Protection
Figures
1 Distribution of water and air in the subsurface
2 Soil textural triangles for the USCS and USDA soil
classification systems
3 Range of values of hydraulic conductivity
4 Representation of three different phases in which
hydrocarbons can be found in the unsaturated zone
5 Schematic of the behavior of hydrocarbon phases in
soils
6 A simplified schematic of selected sampling
locations
7 A simplified schematic of grid sampling locations
8 Examples of potential exposure pathways
9 Three types of hand Augers
10 Keck-screened, hollow-stem, continuous-flight Auger
11 Schematic of cone penetrometer
12 Schematic of a driven probe sampler
13 Collection and analysis of soil vapor in a borehole
using a portable PID or FID
14 Soil vapor collection by syringe and analysis by GC
15 Collection of soil vapor in a bag for analysis by
portable GC, FID, or PID
16 Soil vapor collection and analysis directly from a
vapor probe
17 Buried accumulator device
18 Schematic of in situ bioremediation of Vadose zone
soils
19 Schematic of a soil flushing system
20 Conceptual configuration for soil vapor extraction
system
21 Schematic of an air sparging/soil vapor extraction
system
22 Schematic cross section of a land treatment system
23 Schematic cross section of bioremediation in soil
piles
24 Schematic of the soil bioreactor process
25 Schematic diagram of the asphalt batching system
26 Schematic of a rotary tube system
27 Schematic of rotary kiln incinerator
28 Schematic of a fluid-bed system
Tables
1 Examples of petroleum constituents
2 Properties of oxygenates, gasoline, and no. 2 diesel
fuel
3 Properties of selected hydrocarbon constituents
4 Ranges of residual liquid hydrocarbon concentrations
in the unsaturated zone
5 Variations in gasoline composition and aqueous-phase
concentrations of fuel components in gasolines
6 Soil and release characteristics
7 Basic soil sampling techniques
8 Summary of soil and soil vapor field measurement
procedures and analytical instrument performance
9 Summary of analytical instrument performance
10 Analytical methods for soil samples
11 Maximum concentration of constituents for the
toxicity characteristic
12 Summary of corrective-action options for
hydrocarbons in soil