AS 1958-1981

1 - AS 1958-1981 SAA SUBMARINE PIPELINE CODE
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - SECTION 1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
7 - 1.1 SCOPE.
7 - 1.2 APPLICATION.
9 - 1.3 SAFETY.
9 - 1.4 SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS.
9 - 1.4.1 Symbols.
11 - 1.4.2 Definitions.
13 - 1.5 STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS.
13 - 1.5.1 General.
13 - 1.5.2 Nominated Standards.
13 - 1.5.3 Application of Nominated Standards.
13 - 1.5.4 Supplementary Standards
13 - 1.6 INTERPRETATION.
14 - SECTION 2. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
14 - 2.1 GENERAL.
14 - 2.1.1 Safety and Suitability.
14 - 2.1.2 Qualification.
14 - 2.2 QUALIFICATION CATEGORIES OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
14 - 2.3 QUALIFYING PROCEDURES- GENERAL.
14 - 2.3.1 Materials and Components Complying with Standards or Specifications Listed in this Standard.
14 - 2.3.2 Materials and Components Complying with Standards or Specifications Not Listed in this Standard
14 - 2.3.3 Components, other than Pipe, for which no Standards or Specifications Exist
14 - 2.3.4 Pipe.
14 - 2.3.5 Used Pipe Complying with a Standard or Specifications Listed in this Standard
14 - 2.3.6 New or Used Pipe Complying with a Standard or Specification not Listed in this Standard.
15 - 2.4 QUALIFYING REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW OR USED PIPE COMPLYING WITH A STANDARD OR SPECIFICATION NOT LISTED IN THIS STANDARD
15 - 2.4.1 Inspection.
15 - 2.4.2 Bending and Flattening Tests.
16 - 2.4.3 Determination of Wall Thickness.
16 - 2.4.4 Longitudinal Joint Factor.
16 - 2.4.5 Weldability.
16 - 2.4.6 Determination of Yield Stress.
16 - 2.4.7 Hydrostatic Test.
16 - 2.5 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS.
16 - 2.5.1 General.
16 - 2.5.2 Test Specimens.
17 - 2.5.3 Test Temperature.
17 - 2.5.4 Fracture Surface Appearance.
18 - 2.5.5 Transverse Energy Absorption.
18 - 2.6 VALVES, FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES.
18 - 2.6.1 General.
18 - 2.6.2 Valves, Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
18 - 2.6.3 Steel Butt-welding Fittings.
18 - 2.6.4 Fabricated Steel Fittings.
18 - 2.6.5 Gaskets and Ring Joints.
18 - 2.6.6 Bolting.
18 - 2.7 EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COATING.
18 - 2.7.1 Pipeline Coating.
19 - 2.7.2 Joint and Repair Coating.
19 - 2.8 INTERNAL PROTECTIVE LINING.
19 - 2.8.1 Pipeline Lining.
19 - 2.8.2 Joint and Repair Lining.
19 - 2.9 WEIGHT COATING.
19 - 2.10 GALVANIC ANODES.
20 - SECTION 3. DESIGN
20 - 3.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.
20 - 3.1.1 General.
20 - 3.1.2 Design Criteria.
20 - 3.1.3 Environmental Data.
20 - 3.1.4 Environmental and Other Influences.
20 - 3.1.5 Application of Other Pipeline Standards.
20 - 3.2 DESIGN PRESSURE.
20 - 3.2.1 Internal Design Pressure.
21 - 3.2.2 External Design Pressure.
21 - 3.3 DESIGN TEMPERATURES.
21 - 3.4 STABILITY OF PIPELINE.
21 - 3.5 ALLOWABLE HOOP STRESS.
21 - 3.6 STRESS LIMITS.
21 - 3.6.1 Internal Pressure Stresses.
21 - 3.6.2 External Pressure Stresses.
21 - 3.6.3 Other Stresses.
21 - 3.6.4 Test Condition Stresses.
21 - 3.7 ALLOWANCES.
21 - 3.7.1 Corrosion.
21 - 3.7.2 Protection Against Damage.
21 - 3.7.3 Threading and Grooving.
21 - 3.8 DESIGN OF COMPONENTS.
21 - 3.8.1 General.
23 - 3.8.2 Straight Pipe.
23 - 3.8.3 Bends Made From Pipe.
23 - 3.8.4 Valves and Fittings.
23 - 3.8.5 Welded Branch Connections.
25 - 3.8.6 Reinforcement of Multiple Openings.
25 - 3.8.7 Extruded Outlets.
26 - 3.8.8 Attachments.
26 - 3.9 DESIGN OF CLOSURES FOR PIPE ENDS.
26 - 3.10 DESIGN OF FLANGES.
26 - 3.11 DESIGN OF REDUCERS.
26 - 3.12 DESIGN OF OTHER PRESSURE-CONTAINING COMPONENTS
27 - 3.13 LIMITS TO SELECTION OF COMPONENTS.
27 - 3.13.1 Steel Pipe.
27 - 3.13.2 Fittings.
27 - 3.13.3 Bends, Mitres and Elbows.
28 - 3.13.4 Valves.
28 - 3.13.5 Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
29 - 3.13.6 Gaskets and Ring Joints.
29 - 3.13.7 Bolting.
29 - 3.14 USED COMPONENTS.
29 - 3.15 LIMITS TO SELECTION OF JOINTS.
29 - 3.15.1 Welded, Flanged, and Threaded Joints.
29 - 3.15.2 Sleeve, Coupled, and Other Patented Joints.
29 - 3.16 PIPELINE FLEXIBILITY, SUPPORTS, AND RESTRAINTS.
29 - 3.16.1 Expansion and Flexibility.
29 - 3.16.2 Properties.
30 - 3.16.3 Supports and Anchors.
31 - 3.17 CATHODIC PROTECTION.
31 - 3.18 INSTRUMENT, CONTROL, AND SAMPLING PIPING.
31 - 3.18.1 Scope of Clause.
31 - 3.18.2 Materials and Design.
34 - 3.19 CONTROL OF PIPELINE PRESSURE.
34 - 3.19.1 General.
34 - 3.19.2 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure.
34 - 3.19.3 Requirements for Design of Pressure-relief, Pressure-regulating and Pressure-limiting Stations.
34 - 3.19.4 Basic Requirements for Protection Against Accredited Over-pressure
34 - 3.19.5 Prevention of Unauthorized Operation.
34 - 3.19.6 Protection on Control Piping.
34 - 3.20 RECORDS.
35 - SECTION 4. WELDING
35 - 4.1 GENERAL.
35 - 4.1.1 Application of Section.
35 - 4.1.2 Basis of Welding Standards.
35 - 4.1.3 Quality Standards.
35 - 4.2 SAFETY IN WELDING.
35 - 4.2.1 Australian Standards.
35 - 4.2.2 Additional Precautions.
35 - 4.3 WELDING EQUIPMENT.
35 - 4.3.1 General.
35 - 4.3.2 Australian Standards.
35 - 4.4 ELECTRODES, FLUXES, FILLER RODS, AND GAS MIXTURES.
35 - 4.4.1 Welding Consumables.
35 - 4.4.2 Storage and Handling.
36 - 4.4.3 Shielding Gas Properties.
36 - 4.5 PROHIBITION OF WELDING.
36 - 4.5.1 General.
36 - 4.5.2 Weather Shields.
36 - 4.6 DEFINITIONS AND TERMS.
36 - 4.7 GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR WELDING.
36 - 4.7.1 Preparation for Welding.
36 - 4.7.2 Alignment of Parts for Welding.
36 - 4.7.3 Joint Design.
37 - 4.7.4 Fillet Welds.
37 - 4.7.5 Working Clearance.
37 - 4.7.6 End Preparation.
37 - 4.7.7 Interrun Cleaning.
37 - 4.7.8 Stray Arc Strikes.
37 - 4.7.9 Insert Patching.
37 - 4.7.10 Proximity of Welds.
39 - 4.7.11 Welding Procedure.
39 - 4.7.12 Cold Spring.
39 - 4.7.13 Peening.
39 - 4.7.14 Welding Supervision.
39 - 4.8 PREHEATING.
39 - 4.8.1 Need for Preheating.
39 - 4.8.2 Extent of Preheating.
39 - 4.8.3 Group Number for Preheating Temperatures.
43 - 4.8.4 Interrun Temperature.
43 - 4.8.5 Verification of Preheating Temperature.
43 - 4.8.6 Condensation.
43 - 4.8.7 Dissimilar Materials.
43 - 4.9 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT.
43 - 4.9.1 Necessity for Postweld Heat Treatment.
43 - 4.9.2 Methods of Postweld Heat Treatment.
43 - 4.9.3 Localized Postweld Heat Treatment of Circumferential Welds.
43 - 4.9.4 Heating and Cooling Rates.
43 - 4.9.5 Time at Temperature.
43 - 4.9.6 Temperatures.
43 - 4.9.7 Dissimilar Materials.
43 - 4.9.8 Recording of Information.
44 - 4.10 QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE.
44 - 4.10.1 General.
44 - 4.10.2 Procedure Specification.
44 - 4.10.3 Essential Variables.
46 - 4.10.4 Welding of Test Joint.
46 - 4.11 QUALIFICATION TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS.
46 - 4.11.1 Butt Welds.
50 - 4.11.2 Fillet Welds.
50 - 4.12 WELDER QUALIFICATION.
50 - 4.12.1 General.
50 - 4.12.2 Partial Qualification.
52 - 4.12.3 General Qualification.
52 - 4.12.4 Tests for Welder Qualification - For Both Partial and General Qualification.
56 - 4.12.5 Retesting of Welders.
56 - 4.12.6 Qualification Records.
56 - 4.12.7 Identification of Welder’s Qualification Test Welds
56 - 4.13 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF PRODUCTION WELDS.
56 - 4.13.1 General.
56 - 4.13.2 Non-destructive Testing.
56 - 4.13.3 Frequency of Non-destructive Testing.
56 - 4.13.4 Destructive Testing.
56 - 4.13.5 Identification of Production Welds.
56 - 4.14 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING.
56 - 4.14.1 General.
56 - 4.14.2 Approval of Personnel for Non-destructiveTesting
56 - 4.14.3 Radiographic Examination.
57 - 4.14.4 Ultrasonic Examination.
57 - 4.15 STANDARDS OF ACCEPTABILITY FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING.
57 - 4.15.1 General.
57 - 4.15.2 Incomplete Root Penetration, Root Concavity, and lack of Fusion
58 - 4.15.3 Burn-through.
58 - 4.15.4 Slag Inclusions.
58 - 4.15.5 Gas Pores and Porosity.
59 - 4.15.6 Cracks.
59 - 4.15.7 Accumulation of Discontinuities.
59 - 4.15.8 Undercut.
62 - 4.16 REMOVAL OF UNACCEPTABLE DEFECTS IN WELDS.
62 - 4.16.1 General.
62 - 4.16.2 Removal Procedure.
62 - 4.16.3 Welding Procedure.
62 - 4.17 WELDING OR CUTTING ON STEEL PIPELINES THAT CONTAIN HYDROCARBONS.
62 - 4.17.1 General.
62 - 4.17.2 Safety.
62 - 4.17.3 Preparation for Welding.
62 - 4.17.4 Inspection Prior to Welding.
62 - 4.17.5 Prohibition of Welding.
63 - 4.17.6 Welding.
63 - 4.17.7 Welding Sequence.
63 - 4.17.8 Welding Arc Energy.
63 - 4.18 ATTACHMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS.
63 - 4.18.1 General.
64 - 4.18.2 Thermit Welding with Aluminium Powderand Copper Oxide.
64 - 4.18.3 Fillet Welding Lug, Boss, or Pad.
65 - SECTION 5. CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION
65 - 5.1 GENERAL.
65 - 5.2 INSPECTION.
65 - 5.3 LOCATION.
65 - 5.4 SURVEY.
65 - 5.5 HANDLING, TRANSPORTATION, AND STORING
65 - 5.6 REPAIR OF FABRICATED ITEMS AND PIPE.
65 - 5.6.1 General.
65 - 5.6.2 Grooves, Gouges, and Notches.
65 - 5.6.3 Notches and Laminations.
65 - 5.6.4 Distorted or Flattened Lengths.
65 - 5.6.5 Dents.
65 - 5.6.6 Arc Burns.
66 - 5.7 BENDS, MITRES, AND ELBOWS.
66 - 5.7.1 General.
66 - 5.7.2 Bends Made From Pipe.
66 - 5.7.3 Mitre Bends.
66 - 5.7.4 Fabricated Bends and Elbows.
66 - 5.8 WELDING.
66 - 5.9 PROTECTIVE COATINGS.
66 - 5.10 PIPELINE CROSSINGS.
66 - 5.11 VALVES.
66 - 5.12 CONNECTIONS TO PIPELINES.
66 - 5.13 WARNINGS AND MARKERS.
66 - 5.13.1 General.
66 - 5.13.2 Precautions During Construction on Land.
66 - 5.13.3 Precautions During Constructionin Navigable Waters
66 - 5.13.4 Permanent Marking of Pipeline Route.
67 - 5.14 CORROSION CONTROL.
67 - 5.15 SAFETY DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS.
67 - 5.16 FIRE PROTECTION.
67 - 5.17 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS.
67 - 5.17.1 General.
67 - 5.17.2 Care and Handling of Materials.
67 - 5.17.3 Installation.
67 - 5.18 ASSEMBLY OF COMPONENTS.
67 - 5.18.1 General.
67 - 5.18.2 Bolting Procedure.
67 - 5.19 MANIFOLDS.
67 - 5.20 HOT TAPS.
67 - 5.20.1 General.
67 - 5.20.2 Procedure.
67 - 5.20.3 Design of Branch Connections.
68 - 5.20.4 Location of Connections.
68 - 5.20.5 Welding of Branch Connections.
68 - 5.20.6 Fit Prior to Welding.
68 - 5.20.7 Communications.
68 - 5.20.8 Monitoring of Pipeline Operating Conditions.
68 - 5.20.9 Testing of Welds.
68 - 5.20.10 Pipe Support.
68 - 5.20.11 Completion of Work.
69 - SECTION 6. INSPECTION AND TESTING
69 - 6.1 INSPECTION.
69 - 6.1.1 General.
69 - 6.1.2 Qualification of Inspectors.
69 - 6.1.3 Type and Extent of Inspection Required.
69 - 6.2 REPAIR OF DEFECTS.
70 - 6.3 TESTING.
70 - 6.3.1 General.
70 - 6.3.2 Testing of Fabricated Items.
70 - 6.3.3 Testing after Construction.
70 - 6.4 PRESSURE TESTING.
70 - 6.4.1 General.
70 - 6.4.2 Test Pressures.
70 - 6.4.3 Strength Test Pressures.
71 - 6.4.4 Leak Test Pressure.
71 - 6.4.5 Hold Periods.
71 - 6.5 RECORDS.
72 - SECTION 7. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PIPELINES
72 - 7.1 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF PIPELINES.
72 - 7.1.1 General.
72 - 7.1.2 Basic Operating and Maintenance Requirements.
72 - 7.1.3 Essential Features of the Plans and Procedures.
72 - 7.2 PIPELINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.
72 - 7.2.1 General.
72 - 7.2.2 Communications.
72 - 7.2.3 Signs and Markers.
72 - 7.2.4 Pipeline Route.
72 - 7.2.5 Patrolling.
73 - 7.2.6 Valves.
73 - 7.2.7 Controls and Pressure Protection Equipment.
73 - 7.2.8 Corrosion.
73 - 7.3 PIPELINE REPAIRS.
73 - 7.3.1 General.
73 - 7.3.2 Repair Procedures for Pipelines.
73 - 7.3.3 Resumption of Normal Operations.
73 - 7.4 SAFE WORKING WITH GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM.
73 - 7.4.1 Purging of Pipelines.
74 - 7.4.2 Precautions to Avoid Explosions of Gas/Air Mixtures or Uncontrolled Fires During Construction Operations.
74 - 7.4.3 Precautions Against Suffocation by Gas.
74 - 7.5 RECORDS.
75 - 7.6 ABANDONING A PIPELINE.
75 - 7.7 CORROSION.
75 - 7.7.1 General.
75 - 7.7.2 Safety.
75 - 7.7.3 Assessment by Pressure Testing.
75 - 7.7.4 Assessment by Calculation.
75 - 7.7.5 Repair of a Corroded Pipeline.
76 - SECTION 8. CORROSION MITIGATION
76 - 8.1 GENERAL.
76 - 8.2 QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL.
76 - 8.3 RATE OF CORROSION.
76 - 8.3.1 General.
76 - 8.3.2 Internal Corrosion.
76 - 8.3.3 External Corrosion.
76 - 8.3.4 Stress Corrosion.
76 - 8.3.5 Criteria for Corrosiveness of a Gas.
76 - 8.3.6 Criteria for Corrosiveness of a Liquid.
76 - 8.3.7 Assessment.
77 - 8.4 CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS.
77 - 8.4.1 General.
77 - 8.4.2 Applicability of Methods.
77 - 8.5 INTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION.
77 - 8.5.1 General.
77 - 8.5.2 Internal Protective Lining.
77 - 8.5.3 Corrosion Inhibitor.
77 - 8.5.4 Corrosion Allowance.
77 - 8.6 EXTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION.
77 - 8.6.1 Pipeline Surface.
77 - 8.6.2 Coatings.
77 - 8.6.3 Cathodic Protection.
79 - 8.6.4 Corrosion Allowance.
79 - 8.7 INSTALLATION OF GALVANIC ANODES.
79 - 8.7.1 Mechanical Connection.
79 - 8.7.2 Electrical Connection.
79 - 8.7.3 Weight Coating.
79 - 8.8 TIMING OF APPLICATION OF CORROSION MITIGATION.
79 - 8.8.1. General.
79 - 8.8.2 External Surface of Exposed Pipeline.
79 - 8.8.3 External Surfaces of Buried and Submerged Pipelines
79 - 8.9 INSPECTION FOR THE DETECTION OF CORROSION.
79 - 8.9.1 General.
79 - 8.9.2 Internal Corrosion.
79 - 8.9.3 External Corrosion.
80 - 8.10 CORROSION DEFECTS.
80 - 8.11 RECORDS.
81 - SECTION 9. CHANGES IN MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING PRESSURE OF EXISTING PIPELINES
81 - 9.1 GENERAL.
81 - 9.1.1 Scope of Section.
81 - 9.1.2 Retroactivity.
81 - 9.1.3 Approval.
81 - 9.2 INCREASING THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING PRESSURE.
81 - 9.2.1 Investigations and Repairs.
81 - 9.2.2 Pressure Tests.
81 - 9.2.3 Rate of Pressure Increase.
81 - 9.3 RECORDS.
86 - APPENDIX C - IDENTIFICATION AND ADDRESSES OF STANDARDS-ISSUING AND OTHER BODIES REFERRED TO IN THE CODE
87 - APPENDIX D - NOTES ON STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS*
87 - D1 OFFSHORE LEGISLATION.
87 - D2 LAND LEGISLATION.
87 - D3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
88 - APPENDIX E - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS, AND HYDROGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
88 - E1 GENERAL.
88 - E2 NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS.
88 - E3 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS.
88 - E3.1 General.
88 - E3.2 Instrumental Surveys.
88 - E3.3 Soil Surveys.
88 - E3.4 Currents
89 - E4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA.
90 - APPENDIX F - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS FOR STEEL PIPELINES
90 - F1 GENERAL.
90 - F2 FACTORS AFFECTING BRITTLE AND DUCTILE FRACTURE.
90 - F2.1 General.
90 - F2.2 Type of Fluid.
90 - F2.3 Wall Thickness.
90 - F2.4 Operating Stress.
90 - F3 TEMPERATURE.
91 - F4 BRITTLE FRACTURE.
91 - F4.1 General.
91 - F4.2 Appearance Test Requirements.
91 - F5 DUCTILE FRACTURE.
91 - F5.1 General.
91 - F5.2 Transverse Energy Absorption Requirements.
92 - APPENDIX G - FIGURES RELATING TO WELD REINFORCEMENT (Section 3)*
97 - APPENDIX H - RECOMMENDED WELDING SEQUENCE FOR HOT TAP FITTINGS
98 - APPENDIX J - ASSESSMENT OF CORRODED PIPELINES
98 - J1 SCOPE.
98 - J2 ASSESSMENT BY PRESSURE TESTING.
98 - J3 ASSESSMENT BY CALCULATION.
98 - J4 HOOP STRESS ANALYSIS.
98 - J4.1 General.
98 - J4.2 Notation.
98 - J4.3 Review of Corrosion Parameters.
99 - J4.4 Evaluation of the MAOP of Corroded Pipe.
99 - J5 EXAMPLE.
106 - INDEX
112 - ANNEX
113 - RECORD OF AMENDMENTS

Covers the selection of materials, and design, construction, testing, inspection, operation and maintenance of submarine pipelines constructed in steel with pipe temperature limits of 230 degrees Celsius and -30 degrees Celsius. Includes a section on corrosion mitigation.

This standard sets out minimum requirements for materials, design, construction, installation, inspection, testing, operation, and maintenance of submarine petroleum pipelines located on or in the sea bed of bays, estuaries, and the territorial sea and on or in the continental shelf, and used for the transport of hydrocarbon fluids such as natural gas, crude oils, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, and liquid petroleum products, in either a single or a dual phase condition, where-(a) those pipelines are manufactured from steel and qualify for use in terms of the relevant sections of the standard; and(b) the temperature of the pipe transporting the fluid does not exceed 230C and is not less than- 30C at any point in the pipeline.

Under Revision see DR 03201 CP