AS 1978-1987

1 - AS 1978-1987 PIPELINES - GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - FIELD PRESSURE TESTING
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
7 - 1.1 SCOPE.
7 - 1.2 APPLICATION.
7 - 1.3 PURPOSE OF TESTS.
7 - 1.3.1 Strength test.
7 - 1.3.2 Leak test.
7 - 1.4 DESIGNATION OF TEST METHODS.
7 - 1.4.1 Strength tests.
7 - 1.4.2 Leak-tightness.
7 - 1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.
7 - 1.6 DEFINITIONS.
7 - 1.6.1 Agreed test uncertainty
7 - 1.6.2 Approved and approval
7 - 1.6.3 Authority, Statutory
7 - 1.6.4 End-point
7 - 1.6.5 Hold period (hold time)
7 - 1.6.6 Industrial gauge
7 - 1.6.7 Leak test
7 - 1.6.8 Pressure
7 - 1.6.9 Pressure change, agreed unaccountable
8 - 1.6.10 Pressure, mill test
8 - 1.6.11 Pressure strength (of a test section)
8 - 1.6.12 Pressure / added volume (p/plot
8 - 1.6.13 Residual air (air content)
8 - 1.6.14 Shall and should
8 - 1.6.15 Slope
8 - 1.6.16 Strength test
8 - 1.6.17 Test gauge
8 - 1.6.18 Test program
8 - 1.6.19 Test section
8 - 1.7 TESTING PERSONNEL.
8 - 1.8 NOTATION.
8 - 1.9 CONVERSION TO SI UNITS.
8 - 1.10 ROUNDING OF NUMBERS.
9 - SECTION 2. EQUIPMENT AND TEST LIQUID
9 - 2.1 SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT.
9 - 2.2 ACCURACY, SENSITIVITY, AND REPEATABILITY OF EQUIPMENT.
9 - 2.2.1 General.
9 - 2.2.2 Pressure-measuring equipment.
9 - 2.2.3 Verification of pressure-measuring equipment
9 - 2.2.4 Measurement of volume.
9 - 2.2.5 Verification of volume-measuring equipment
9 - 2.2.6 Temperature-measuring equipment.
10 - 2.3 COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT.
10 - 2.4 INSTALLATION AND LOCATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT.
10 - 2.4.1 General.
10 - 2.4.2 Pressure gauges.
10 - 2.4.3 Temperature measurement.
10 - 2.5 TEST LIQUID.
10 - 2.5.1 Type of test liquid.
10 - 2.5.2 Selection of test liquid.
10 - 2.6 PROCEDURES AND PRECAUTIONS WHERE TEST FLUID IS HYDROCARBON LIQUUID
11 - SECTION 3. PREPARATION FOR TESTS
11 - 3.1 TEST PROGRAM.
11 - 3.2 TEST SECTION.
11 - 3.3 SITE WORK.
12 - SECTION 4. PRESSURE TESTING
12 - 4.1 METHOD.
12 - 4.2 FILLING.
12 - 4.3 PRESSURIZATION.
12 - 4.3.1 General.
12 - 4.3.2 Pretesting.
12 - 4.3.3 Mechanical joints.
12 - 4.4 PRESSURE-CONTROLLED TEST.
12 - 4.5 VOLUME / STRAIN-CONTROLLED TEST.
13 - 4.6 TEST PRESSURES.
13 - 4.6.1 Strength test.
13 - 4.6.2 Leak test.
13 - 4.6.3 Combined strength and leak test.
13 - 4.7 HOLD PERIOD.
13 - 4.7.1 Strength test.
14 - 4.7.2 Leak test.
14 - 4.7.3 Thermal stability for a leak test
14 - 4.7.4 Premature end-point.
14 - 4.7.5 Observed leaks during strength test.
14 - 4.7.6 Observed leaks during leak test.
14 - 4.7.7 Interrupted hold period.
14 - 4.7.8 Short test section.
15 - SECTION 5. ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH TEST AND LEAK
15 - 5.1 GENERAL.
15 - 5.2 STRENGTH TEST.
15 - 5.3 LEAK TEST.
15 - SECTION 6. REINSTATEMENT
15 - 6.1 REINSTATEMENT OF THE TEST SECTION.
15 - SECTION 7. REPORTS AND RECORDS
15 - 7.1 GENERAL.
15 - 7.2 REPORTS.
15 - 7.3 RECORDS.
16 - APPENDIX A - BASIS OF THE STANDARD
16 - A1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY.
16 - A2 BASIS OF THE STANDARD.
16 - A3 STRENGTH TESTING.
18 - A4 LEAK TESTING.
18 - A4.1 General.
19 - A4.2 Test pressure.
20 - A4.3 Test equipment.
20 - A4.4 Temperature.
21 - A4.5 Thermal stability assessment.
21 - A4.6 Air in the test section.
22 - A5 TECHNIQUES.
22 - A5.1 Test program.
22 - A5.2 Test equipment.
22 - A5.3 Measurement of pressure in strength tests.
22 - A5.4 Measurement for yield tests.
22 - A5.5 Measurement for leak tests.
23 - A6 CONDUCT OF THE TEST.
23 - A6.1 Pressure-controlled strength test.
23 - A6.2 Volume-strain controlled test.
25 - APPENDIX B - HYPOTHETICAL TEST SECTION
25 - B1 INTRODUCTION.
25 - B2 MANUFACTURING SPECIFICATION.
25 - B3 MILL TESTS.
25 - B4 TEST CONDITIONS.
26 - B5 CALCULATED VALUES.
27 - APPENDIX C - CHECKING THE SLOPE OF THE PRESSURE / VOLUME RATIO PLOT
27 - C1 INTRODUCTION.
27 - C2 NOTATION.
27 - C3 GRAPHIC METHOD.
29 - C4 APPROXIMATE NUMERICAL METHOD.
29 - C5 THEORETICAL BASIS OF GRAPHIC AND NUMERICAL METHODS.
29 - C5.1 Assumptions.
29 - C5.2 Relationship.
29 - C5.3 Restraint conditions.
31 - APPENDIX D - SELECTION OF END-POINTS
31 - D1 INTRODUCTION.
31 - D2 STRESS / STRAIN DIAGRAMS.
31 - D2.1 General.
31 - D2.2 Non-expanded pipe.
32 - D2.3 Expanded pipe.
32 - D2.4 Small diameter pipe.
32 - D3 END-POINT SELECTION.
36 - APPENDIX E - INVESTIGATION OF A PREMATURE END-POINT
36 - E1 INTRODUCTION.
36 - E2 NOTATION.
36 - E3 PRESSURE TESTING OF PIPE.
36 - E4 STRAINING RATE EFFECTS.
36 - E5 USE OF FACTORS.
37 - E6 LABORATORY MECHANICAL TESTS.
38 - APPENDIX F - MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL AIR
38 - F1 INTRODUCTION.
38 - F2 PROVING TEST FOR ACCEPTABLE AIR FRACTION.
39 - F3 SIMPLE FIELD MEASUREMENT.
39 - F3.1 Procedure.
39 - F3.2 Results.
40 - F4 ASSESSMENT.
40 - F5 DERIVATION.
42 - APPENDIX G - LEAK TEST ASSESSMENT
42 - G1 INTRODUCTION.
42 - G2 PRESSURE CHANGES.
42 - G3 TEMPERATURE CHANGES.
43 - G4 DERIVATION OF FIGURES G1, G2, G3, AND G4.
43 - G4.1 General.
43 - G4.2 Determination of the diameter of the equivalent hole.
43 - G4.3 Liquid petroleum pipelines.
43 - G4.4 Gas pipelines.
44 - G5 EXAMPLE.

Specifies field pressure strength and leak testing of a petroleum pipeline in accordance with AS 2885, Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum. Two strength test methods are given, being the pressure test and the high level test. Extensive appendices provide guidance on field pressure testing and assessment of results.

This Standard sets out two methods for the determination of the strength, and one method for the determination of the leak-tightness of a pipeline for the liquid phase or the gas phase of a petroleum product.NOTE: Appendix B describes a test section of a hypothetical pipeline.

Under Revision See DR 99081