AS 3958.1-1991

1 - AS 3958.1-1991 CERAMIC TILES - GUIDE TO THE INSTALLATION OF CERAMIC TILES
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
6 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
6 - 1.1 SCOPE
6 - 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
7 - 1.3 DEFINITIONS
7 - 1.3.1 Adhesive
7 - 1.3.2 Background
7 - 1.3.3 Base
7 - 1.3.4 Bedded finish
7 - 1.3.5 Bedding
7 - 1.3.6 Bonding agent (bond coat)
7 - 1.3.7 Butter
7 - 1.3.8 Creep
7 - 1.3.9 Dip fixing
7 - 1.3.10 Direct bedding
7 - 1.3.11 Dry fixing
7 - 1.3.12 Drying time
7 - 1.3.13 Expanded metal
7 - 1.3.14 Float coat
7 - 1.3.15 Frost-free area
7 - 1.3.16 Grouting/grout
8 - 1.3.17 Joint
8 - 1.3.18 Modified mortar
8 - 1.3.19 Moisture membrane
8 - 1.3.20 Movement accommodation factor (MAF)
8 - 1.3.21 Movement joint
8 - 1.3.22 Performance levels
8 - 1.3.23 Primer
8 - 1.3.24 Scratch coat
8 - 1.3.25 Screed
8 - 1.3.26 Screeding
8 - 1.3.27 Sealant
8 - 1.3.28 Separating layer
8 - 1.3.29 Slurry coat
8 - 1.3.30 Spacer lugs
8 - 1.3.31 Substrates
8 - 1.3.32 Underlays
8 - 1.3.33 Universal tiles
8 - 1.3.34 Water proof membrane
8 - 1.3.35 Wet area
9 - 1.4 SYNONYMS
10 - SECTION 2 MATERIALS
10 - 2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
10 - 2.2 CERAMIC AND MOSAIC TILES
10 - 2.2.1 General
10 - 2.2.2 Mosaic tiles
10 - 2.3 PRIMERS
10 - 2.4 ADHESIVES
10 - 2.5 GROUTING MATERIALS
10 - 2.5.1 General
10 - 2.5.2 Cement-based grout
11 - 2.5.3 Proprietary cement-based grout
11 - 2.6 BACKGROUND MATERIALS
11 - 2.6.1 Plywood
11 - 2.6.2 Structural particle board flooring
11 - 2.6.3 Fibre-cement sheet
11 - 2.6.4 Compressed fibre-cement sheets
11 - 2.6.5 Gypsum-plaster board sheets
11 - 2.6.6 Furring and studs
11 - 2.7 MOVEMENT JOINT MATERIALS
11 - 2.7.1 General
11 - 2.7.2 Prefabricated movement joints
11 - 2.7.3 Back-up materials
11 - 2.7.4 Pre-formed strips
11 - 2.7.5 Sealants
12 - 2.8 BONDING AGENTS
12 - 2.9 CEMENT, SAND AND LIME
12 - 2.9.1 Cement
12 - 2.9.2 Sand
12 - 2.9.3 Lime
12 - 2.10 WATER
12 - 2.11 SEPARATING LAYER FOR FLOORS
12 - 2.12 UNDERLAYS
12 - 2.13 REINFORCEMENT
12 - 2.14 STORAGE
12 - 2.14.1 Tiles
12 - 2.14.2 Cement
12 - 2.14.3 Lime
13 - 2.14.4 Sand
13 - 2.14.5 Adhesives and jointing materials
13 - 2.14.6 Temperature extremes
13 - 2.15 MIXING OF MATERIALS
13 - 2.15.1 General
13 - 2.15.2 Mixing by mechanical means
13 - 2.15.3 Mixing by hand
14 - SECTION 3 TILING SYSTEMS
14 - 3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
14 - 3.2 FLOOR TILING INSTALLATION GUIDE
15 - 3.3 FLOORS
15 - 3.3.1 Exterior floors, general applications
17 - 3.3.2 Exterior floors, decks and roofs
20 - 3.3.3 Interior floors, concrete subfloors
24 - 3.3.4 Interior floors, framed subfloors
29 - 3.4 WALL TILING INSTALLATION GUIDE
30 - 3.5 WALLS
30 - 3.5.1 Exterior walls, masonry, concrete, framed construction
33 - 3.5.2 Dry interior walls, masonry, concrete
35 - 3.5.3 Dry interior walls, framed construction
37 - 3.5.4 Wet area interior walls, masonry, concrete
40 - 3.5.5 Wet area interior walls, framed construction
42 - SECTION 4 PREPARATION OF BACKGROUNDS FOR TILING
42 - 4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
42 - 4.2 GENERAL
42 - 4.2.1 Wet areas
42 - 4.2.2 Screeds
42 - 4.2.3 Separating layer
42 - 4.2.4 Liquid and flexible in situ underlays
42 - 4.2.5 Rigid underlays
42 - 4.3 CONCRETE FLOORS
42 - 4.3.1 General
42 - 4.3.2 New concrete floors
43 - 4.3.3 Existing concrete floors
43 - 4.3.4 Concrete floors with existing finish
43 - 4.4 FRAMED FLOORS
43 - 4.4.1 General
43 - 4.4.2 Ventilation of subfloor spaces
43 - 4.4.3 Construction of joist-supported floors
43 - 4.4.4 Preparation for tiling over timber floors
44 - 4.4.5 Preparation for tiling on compressed fibre-cement sheets
44 - 4.5 CONCRETE/MASONRY WALLS
44 - 4.5.1 General
44 - 4.5.2 New concrete walls
44 - 4.5.3 Existing concrete/masonry walls
45 - 4.6 FRAMED WALLS
45 - 4.6.1 General
45 - 4.6.2 Fixing of plywood substrates
45 - 4.6.3 Fixing of fibre-cement sheets
45 - 4.6.4 Fixing of compressed fibre-cement sheets
45 - 4.6.5 Fixing of gypsum-plasterboard sheets
47 - SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF CERAMIC TILES
47 - 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
47 - 5.2 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
47 - 5.2.1 General
47 - 5.2.2 Compatibility of backgrounds and bedding systems
47 - 5.2.3 Delivery, storage and handling of materials at the project site
47 - 5.2.4 Site protection
47 - 5.3 MATERIALS
47 - 5.4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATION OF TILES
47 - 5.4.1 General
48 - 5.4.2 Setting out
48 - 5.4.3 Fitting
48 - 5.4.4 Lighting
48 - 5.4.5 Movement joints
55 - 5.4.6 Tile finish and joints
55 - 5.4.7 Bonding
55 - 5.4.8 Grouting
55 - 5.5 INSTALLATION OF CERAMIC TILES WITH CEMENT MORTAR
55 - 5.5.1 General
55 - 5.5.2 Backgrounds
56 - 5.5.3 Preparation of tile
56 - 5.5.4 Mortar mixes
56 - 5.5.5 Fixing to floors
57 - 5.5.6 Fixing to walls
57 - 5.6 INSTALLATION OF CERAMIC TILES WITH ADHESIVE
57 - 5.6.1 General
57 - 5.6.2 Thin-bed fixing
58 - 5.6.3 Thick-bed
58 - 5.6.4 Adhesive coverage
60 - 5.6.5 Cement-based adhesives
60 - 5.6.6 Water-resistant organic adhesives
61 - 5.6.7 Other adhesives
61 - 5.7 GROUTING
61 - 5.7.1 General
62 - 5.7.2 Mosaic tiles
62 - 5.7.3 Curing
62 - 5.8 CLEANING TILES
63 - APPENDIX A - SCREEDS
63 - A1 METHODS OF SCREED CONSTRUCTION
63 - A2 CEMENT AND SAND OR FINE CONCRETE SCREEDS
63 - A2.1 General
63 - A2.2 Bonding
63 - A2.3 Thickness
63 - A2.4 Framed construction
63 - A2.5 Pipes and trunking
63 - A3 BAY SIZES
63 - A4 USE OF BONDING AGENTS
64 - A5 SOUNDNESS OF BONDED AND UNBONDED SCREEDS
64 - A6 TOLERANCES ON LEVEL AND SURFACE FINISH OF SCREEDS AND CONCRETE BASES
64 - A6.1 General
64 - A6.2 Surface finish
64 - A6.3 Departure from datum
64 - A7 SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CRACKING OF SCREEDS
64 - A8 ELIMINATING CONSTRUCTION MOISTURE
65 - A9 ADMIXTURES
66 - APPENDIX B - SAND/CEMENT RENDERING
66 - B1 GENERAL
66 - B2 BACKGROUND PREPARATION
66 - B2.1 General
66 - B2.2 Dense, strong and smooth materials
66 - B2.3 Moderately strong and porous materials
67 - B2.4 Moderately weak and porous materials
67 - B2.5 No-fines concrete
67 - B2.6 Lathing and netting
67 - B2.7 Other backgrounds
67 - B3 APPLICATION OF RENDER
67 - B3.1 General
67 - B3.2 Rendering using anchored reinforcement
68 - B3.3 Relationship between component materials
68 - B4 RENDERING MIXES
68 - B4.1 General
68 - B4.2 Dense, strong and smooth or moderately strong and porous backgrounds
68 - B4.3 Moderately weak and porous backgrounds
68 - B4.4 Mixed backgrounds
68 - B4.5 Backgrounds subject to dampness
69 - B5 THICKNESS AND TRUENESS OF RENDERING
70 - APPENDIX C - CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE
70 - C1 GENERAL
70 - C2 EFFLORESCENCE
70 - C3 RESIDUAL CEMENT FILM
70 - C4 SURFACE SEALING MATERIALS
70 - C5 CLEANING AGENTS
71 - INDEX

Provides guidance on the selection of the fixative and the preparation of the background, and sets out various methods for the fixing of ceramic tiles, based on the type of fixative to be used, for both floor and wall applications.

This Standard deals with all work involved in the internal and external laying of ceramic wall and floor tiles. It deals with the types and classes of backgrounds and substrates and their suitability to receive a bedded finish using the following fixing methods, which are also described in the relevant sections:(a) Bedding in sand/cement mortar on rendering or as a direct bedding method.(b) Bedding in cement-based adhesives on an intermediate substrate or as a direct bedding method.(c) Bedding in organic-based adhesives on an intermediate substrate or as a direct bedding method.(d) Bedding in other adhesives on an intermediate substrate or as a direct bedding method. The use of epoxies is not considered as special techniques are involved.Mosaic tiles constitute a specialized form of tiling and those aspects of fixing which require particular treatment are dealt with in this Standard.The recommendations relate to mosaics assembled in the form of sheets, the separate pieces being glued either face down to paper or bedding side down to nylon adhesive strips, fabric net or other material.Where tiling is to be carried out in wet areas, the recommendations in AS 3740 should be considered, particularly with regard to the preparation of the background.Recommendations for tiling in situations where there are specific functional or environmental requirements are provided in BS 5385, Part 4.

First published as AS 3958.1-1991.