ASTM E 280 : 2010

1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses of 4 ½ to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.

Note 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard. Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may be found in Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186. Reference radiograph E186 provides some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).

1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two separate volumes as follows

1.2.1 Volume I: 2-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60—This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2-MV up to 4-MV X-rays. Set of 28 plates in 8½ by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.

1.2.2 Volume II: 4-MV to 30-MV X-rays—Set of 28 plates in 8 ¹/₂ by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.

1.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:

1.2.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.

1.2.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.

1.2.3.3 Category C—Shrinkage; three types:

(1) Ca Linear Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 1 in previous revisions).

(2) Cb Feathery Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 2 in previous revisions).

(3) Cc Sponge Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5 (called Type 3 in previous revisions).

1.2.3.4 Category D—Crack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972 documents.

1.2.3.5 Category E—Hot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-1972 documents.

1.2.3.6 Category F—Insert; one illustration EB2 in pre-1972 documents.

1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI values are shown for information only.

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.