AWWA C401 : 2003

Foreword
I Introduction
I.A Background
I.B History of standard
I.C Acceptance
II Special issues
II.A General
II.B Type of pipe
III Modification to standard
IV Major revisions
V Comments
Standard
1 General
1.1 Scope
1.2 References
1.3 Symbols, abbreviations, and definitions
1.4 Permeation
2 General design
2.1 Strength and design factors
2.2 Combined loading theory
2.3 Three-edge V-shaped bearing load
3 External loads
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Earth loads
3.3 Superimposed loads
4 Hydrostatic pressure
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Static or working pressure
4.3 Surge pressure
5 Design criteria and use of pipe selection charts
5.1 Combined loading curves
5.2 Safety factors
5.3 Use of selection charts
5.4 Discussion
5.5 Illustrative problem on pipe selection
Appendices
A Friction loss of head chart - coefficient of
        flow, C = 140
B Entrapped air
B.1 General
B.2 Entrance of air
B.3 Recommendations to combat air entrapment
Figures
1 Classes of bedding for conduits in trench
2 Load-pressure curve
3 Assembly for three-edge V-shaped crushing
        strength test
4 Classification of construction techniques
5 Values of Cd for trench conditions
6 Embankment conditions
7 Values of Cc for positive projecting pipe
8 Value of Bd/Bc at which the trench and positive
        projecting pipe equations give equal loads
9 Values of Cn for negative projecting pipe and
        imperfect ditch conditions
10A Positive projecting pipe, projection ratio
        p = x/Bc
10B Negative projecting pipe, projection ratio
        p = x/Bd
11 Projection ratio p' for the imperfect trench
        embankment condition
12 Values of CT for tunnel conditions
13 Superimposed loads
14A Selection curves for 4-in. asbestos-cement pipe
14B Selection curves for 6-in. asbestos-cement pipe
14C Selection curves for 8-in. asbestos-cement pipe
14D Selection curves for 10-in. asbestos-cement pipe
14E Selection curves for 12-in. asbestos-cement pipe
14F Selection curves for 14-in. asbestos-cement pipe
14G Selection curves for 16-in. asbestos-cement pipe
14A(m) Selection curves for 100-mm asbestos-cement pipe
14B(m) Selection curves for 150-mm asbestos-cement pipe
14C(m) Selection curves for 200-mm asbestos-cement pipe
14D(m) Selection curves for 250-mm asbestos-cement pipe
14E(m) Selection curves for 300-mm asbestos-cement pipe
14F(m) Selection curves for 350-mm asbestos-cement pipe
14G(m) Selection curves for 400-mm asbestos-cement pipe
Tables
F.1 Asbestos-cement pipe type recommended for
        aggressive internal water
F.2 Aggressiveness of nonsulfate acidic soils to
        asbestos-cement pipe
F.3 Chemical resistance of asbestos-cement pipe to
        neutral (pH = 7.0) soluble sulfates in water and
        soils
F.4 Sulfate aggressiveness in water and soil
1 Recommended safe design values of c for tunnel
        conditions
2 Impact factors F
3 Values of load coefficients Cs for concentrated
        and distributed superimposed loads centred
        vertically over conduit
4 Superimposed (wheel) load - single wheel =
        16,000 lb (7250 kg)
5 Design internal pressure and design external
        load
6 Design external earth load

Determines the correct pressure classification of asbestos cement distribution piped to use under different combinations of internal pressure and external load.