BS 4428:1989

Foreword
Committees responsible
Code of practice
Section one. General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Definitions
Section two. Preliminary investigations
2.1 Site investigations before operations
2.2 Site enclosures
2.3 Existing services
2.4 Existing vegetation
2.5 Stripping and storing of topsoil and subsoil
2.6 Existing artefacts
Section three. Drainage
3.1 General
3.2 Information needed for the design of drainage for
      general grass landscaped areas
3.3 Design
3.4 Outlets
3.5 Drainage systems
Section four. Grading and cultivation
4.1 Synopsis of operations needed
4.2 Recommended gradients
4.3 Work near trees
4.4 Category A: Major grading
4.5 Category B: Minor grading
4.6 Category C: Surface cultivation, and regulating
      withing the topsoil depth
4.7 Category D: Surface cultivation only
4.8 Topsoil
4.9 Fallow period
Section five. Seeding of grass areas
5.1 Seed
5.2 Fertilizing
5.3 Preparation of seed bed
5.4 Turf edging to seeded areas
5.5 Sowing
5.6 Sowing on steep banks
5.7 Herbicide in young swards
5.8 Initial cut
Section six. Turfing
6.1 Turf
6.2 Final preparation
6.3 Turf laying
6.4 Turfing to banks exceeding 30 degrees
6.5 Watering
Section seven. Amenity tree planting
7.1 Planting stock
7.2 Trees in relation to construction
7.3 Site preparation
7.4 Planting season
7.5 Plant handling
7.6 Tree pits
7.7 Staking
7.8 Planting
7.9 Tying
7.10 Aftercare
Section eight. Woodland planting
8.1 Planting stock
8.2 Preparation for planting on existing or former
      woodland sites
8.3 Site preparation on new planting sites
8.4 Planting
8.5 Protection
8.6 Aftercare
8.7 Fertilizers
Section nine. Planting of shrubs, herbaceous plants and
               bulbs
9.1 Nursery stock
9.2 Site preparation
9.3 Planting season
9.4 Ground and weather conditions
9.5 Containers and wrappings
9.6 Roots
9.7 Planting of shrubs (except climbers and wall
      shrubs)
9.8 Planting of climbers and wall shrubs
9.9 Herbaceous plants
9.10 Bulbs
9.11 Hedges and screens
9.12 Completion
9.13 Protection
9.14 Aftercare
Table
1 Relationship between soil permeability and subsoil
      drainage
Figures
1 Typical subsoil drainage for intensive use
2 Mole drains: plan
3 Maintenance of grass slopes
4 Groundworks for planting and grassing
5 Turf laying: flexible use of stretcher bond,
      whilst maintaining whole turves around perimeter
6 Tree staking and tying
7 Example of tree tie
8 Double staking suitable for trees for advanced
      nursery stock
9 Slanting stakes for hillsides or exposed
      situations

Preliminary investigations, drainage, grading and cultivation, seeding of grass areas, turfing, tree planting, woodland planting, planting of shrubs, herbaceous plants and bulbs.

This British Standard code of practice gives recommendations for the following general landscape operations (excluding hard surfaces): preliminary investigations; drainage; grading and cultivation; seeding of grass areas; turfing; amenity tree planting; woodland planting; planting of shrubs, herbaceous plants and bulbs. The recommendations of the code of practice take account of current techniques, equipment and materials; and are restricted to general landscape operations. Intensively used and specialized sports areas such as playing fields, bowling greens, cricket tables and golf greens are excluded from the revision, both because they are specialized and because they are covered by Sports Ground Construction/Specification: 1975 issued by the National Playing Fields Association and the Sports Turf Research Institute. The code of practice does, however, include recommendations for the gradients of sports fields that are not covered by the National Playing Fields Association technical publication Gradients for Outdoor Sports Facilities: 1983 (see 4.2.3). The code does not cover the planting of alpine and aquatic plants. NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on page 32.