BS ISO 11228-2:2007

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Terms and definitions
3 Recommendations
  3.1 Avoiding hazardous manual handling tasks
  3.2 Risk assessment
      3.2.1 Hazard identifications
            3.2.1.1 Force
            3.2.1.2 Posture
            3.2.1.3 Frequency and duration
            3.2.1.4 Distance
            3.2.1.5 Object characteristics
            3.2.1.6 Environmental conditions
            3.2.1.7 Individual characteristics
            3.2.1.8 Work organization
      3.2.2 Risk estimation and risk assessment
            3.2.2.1 Method 1 - Generalized risk estimation
                    and risk assessment approach
            3.2.2.2 Method 2 - Specialized risk estimation
                    and risk assessment approach
                    3.2.2.2.1 Part A - Muscle-strength-based
                              force limits, F[Br]
                    3.2.2.2.2 Part B - Skeletal-based force
                              limits, F[LS]
                    3.2.2.2.3 Part C - Limiting force, F[L]
                    3.2.2.2.4 Part D - Safety limit, F[R]
      3.2.3 Risk reduction
Annex A (informative) Method 1 - Pushing and pulling: general
        assessment checklist
Annex B (informative) Method 2 - Specialized risk estimation
        and risk evaluation
Annex C (informative) Risk reduction methods
Annex D (informative) Suggested approach for measuring
        push/pull forces
Annex E (informative) Application examples for Methods 1
         and 2
Annex F (informative) Method for determining combined strength
        distribution for a particular reference group
Bibliography

Provides the recommended limits for whole-body pushing and pulling. It provides guidance on the assessment of risk factors considered important to manual pushing and pulling, allowing the health risks for the working population to be evaluated.

This part of ISO11228 gives the recommended limits for whole-body pushing and pulling. It provides guidance on the assessment of risk factors considered important to manual pushing and pulling, allowing the health risks for the working population to be evaluated. The recommendations apply to the healthy adult working population and provide reasonable protection to the majority of this population. These guidelines are based on experimental studies of push/pull tasks and associated levels of musculoskeletal loading, discomfort/pain, and endurance/fatigue.

Pushing and pulling, as defined in this part of ISO11228, is restricted to the following:

• whole-body force exertions (i.e. while standing/walking);

• actions performed by one person (handling by two or more people is not part of the assessment, but some advice is given in AnnexC);

• forces applied by two hands;

• forces used to move or restrain an object;

• forces applied in a smooth and controlled way;

• forces applied without the use of external support(s);

• forces applied on objects located in front of the operator;

• forces applied in an upright position (not sitting).

This part of ISO11228 is intended to provide information for designers, employers, employees and others involved in the design or redesign of work, tasks, products and work organization.