BS ISO 8178-11:2006

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
   4.1 General symbols
   4.2 Symbols and abbreviations for the fuel composition
   4.3 Symbols and abbreviations for the chemical components
   4.4 Abbreviations
5 Test conditions
   5.1 Engine test conditions
        5.1.1 Test condition parameter
        5.1.2 Test validity
   5.2 Engines with charge air cooling
   5.3 Power
   5.4 Engine air intake system
   5.5 Engine exhaust system
   5.6 Cooling system
   5.7 Lubricating oil
   5.8 Test fuel
6 Test cycle
   6.1 General
   6.2 General test sequence
   6.3 Engine mapping procedure
        6.3.1 General
        6.3.2 Determination of the mapping speed range
        6.3.3 Engine mapping curve
        6.3.4 Mapping curve generation
        6.3.5 Alternative mapping
        6.3.6 Replicate tests
   6.4 Generation of the reference test cycle
        6.4.1 Reference speed
        6.4.2 Denormalization of engine speed
        6.4.3 Denormalization of engine torque
        6.4.4 Example of denormalization procedure
   6.5 Dynamometer
        6.5.1 General
        6.5.2 Eddy-current dynamometer
   6.6 Verification of the test run
        6.6.1 Data shift
        6.6.2 Calculation of the cycle work
        6.6.3 Validation statistics of the test cycle
7 Emissions test run
   7.1 General
   7.2 Preparation of the sampling filters
   7.3 Installation of the measuring equipment
   7.4 Starting and preconditioning the dilution system
        and the engine
   7.5 Starting the particulate sampling system
   7.6 Adjustment of the dilution system
   7.7 Checking the analysers
   7.8 Engine starting procedure
   7.9 Cycle run
        7.9.1 Test sequence
        7.9.2 Analyser response
        7.9.3 Particulate sampling
        7.9.4 Engine stalling
        7.9.5 Operations after test
8 Principles of emissions measurement
   8.1 General
   8.2 Equivalence
   8.3 Accuracy
9 Determination of gaseous components in the raw exhaust
   gas and of the particulates with a partial flow dilution
   system
   9.1 General
   9.2 Determination of exhaust gas mass flow
        9.2.1 General
        9.2.2 Response time
        9.2.3 Direct measurement method
        9.2.4 Air and fuel measurement method
        9.2.5 Tracer measurement method
        9.2.6 Air flow and air to fuel ratio measurement method
   9.3 Determination of the gaseous components
        9.3.1 General
        9.3.2 Sampling for gaseous emissions
        9.3.3 Data evaluation
        9.3.4 Calculation of mass emission
        9.3.5 Dry/wet correction
        9.3.6 NO[x] correction for humidity and temperature
        9.3.7 Calculation of the specific emissions
   9.4 Particulate determination
        9.4.1 General
        9.4.2 Particulate sampling
        9.4.3 System response time
        9.4.4 Data evaluation
        9.4.5 Calculation of mass emission
        9.4.6 Particulate correction factor for humidity
        9.4.7 Calculation of the specific emissions
10 Determination of gaseous and particulate components with
   a full flow dilution system
   10.1 General
   10.2 Determination of the diluted exhaust gas flow
        10.2.1 General
        10.2.2 PDP-CVS system
        10.2.3 CFV-CVS system
        10.2.4 SSV-CVS system
   10.3 Determination of the gaseous components
        10.3.1 General
        10.3.2 Sampling for gaseous emissions
        10.3.3 Data evaluation
        10.3.4 Calculation of mass emission
        10.3.5 Dry/wet correction
        10.3.6 NO[x] correction for humidity and temperature
        10.3.7 Calculation of the specific emissions
   10.4 Particulate determination
        10.4.1 General
        10.4.2 Particulate sampling
        10.4.3 Calculation of mass emission
        10.4.4 Particulate correction factor for humidity
        10.4.5 Calculation of the specific emissions
11 Measurement equipment for the gaseous components
   11.1 General analyser specifications
        11.1.1 General
        11.1.2 Accuracy
        11.1.3 Precision
        11.1.4 Noise
        11.1.5 Zero drift
        11.1.6 Span drift
        11.1.7 Rise time
        11.1.8 Gas drying
   11.2 Analysers
        11.2.1 General
        11.2.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) analysis
        11.2.3 Carbon dioxide (CO[2]) analysis
        11.2.4 Hydrocarbon (HC) analysis
        11.2.5 Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) analysis
        11.2.6 Oxides of nitrogen (NO[x]) analysis
        11.2.7 Formaldehyde (HCHO) analysis
        11.2.8 Methanol (CH[3]OH) analysis
        11.2.9 Air to fuel measurement
   11.3 Calibration
        11.3.1 General
        11.3.2 Response time check of the analytical system
        11.3.3 Verification of the calibration curve
        11.3.4 Calibration of tracer gas analyser for exhaust
               flow measurement
        11.3.5 Calibration intervals
   11.4 Analytical system
12 Measurement equipment for particulates
   12.1 General specifications
        12.1.1 General
        12.1.2 Particulate sampling filters
        12.1.3 Weighing chamber and analytical balance
               specifications
        12.1.4 Specifications for flow measurement
        12.1.5 Additional specifications
   12.2 Dilution and sampling system
   12.3 Calibration
        12.3.1 General
        12.3.2 Flow measurement
        12.3.3 Determination of the transformation time
               (partial flow dilution system only)
        12.3.4 Calibration of the CVS system (full flow
               dilution system only)
        12.3.5 Calibration intervals
Annex A (normative) NRTC engine dynamometer schedule
Annex B (normative) Determination of system equivalence
Annex C (normative) Determination of system sampling error
Annex D (normative) Carbon flow check
Annex E (informative) Example of calculation procedure
                      (raw/partial flow)
Annex F (informative) Ramped modal cycle (RMC)
Annex G (normative) Statistical equations

Specifies the measurement and evaluation methods for gaseous and particulate exhaust emission from reciprocating internal combustion (RIC) engines under transient conditions on a test bed, necessary for determining one value for each exhaust gas pollutant.

This part of ISO8178 specifies the measurement and evaluation methods for gaseous and particulate exhaust emission from reciprocating internal combustion (RIC) engines under transient conditions on a test bed, necessary for determining one value for each exhaust gas pollutant.

The specific transient test cycle covered by this part of ISO8178 is applicable to compression-ignition engines for mobile use with a power output between 37kW and 560kW, excluding engines for motor vehicles primarily designed for road use. This part of ISO8178 may be applied to engines used in off-road vehicles and diesel powered off-road industrial equipment as described in 8.3.1.3 of ISO8178-4. This includes e.g. engines for construction equipment including wheel loaders, bulldozers, crawler tractors, crawler loaders, truck-type loaders, off-highway trucks, hydraulic excavators, agricultural equipment, self propelled agricultural vehicles (including tractors), forestry equipment, fork lift trucks, road maintenance equipment and mobile cranes.

Many of the procedures described below are detailed accounts of laboratory methods, since determining an emissions value requires performing a complex set of individual measurements, rather than obtaining a single measured value. Thus, the results obtained depend as much on the process of performing the measurements as they depend on the engine and test method.