CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 9075-2:18 (R2022)

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Definitions, notations, and conventions
4 Concepts
5 Lexical elements
6 Scalar expressions
7 Query expressions
8 Predicates
9 Additional common rules
10 Additional common elements
11 Schema definition and manipulation
12 Access control
13 SQL-client modules
14 Data manipulation
15 Additional data manipulation rules
16 Control statements
17 Transaction management
18 Connection management
19 Session management
20 Dynamic SQL
21 Embedded SQL
22 Direct invocation of SQL
23 Diagnostics management
24 Status codes
25 Conformance
Annex A (informative) - SQL Conformance Summary
Annex B (informative) - Implementation-defined elements
Annex C (informative) - Implementation-dependent elements
Annex D (informative) - Deprecated features
Annex E (informative) - Incompatibilities with
        ISO/IEC 9075:2011
Annex F (informative) - SQL feature taxonomy
Annex G (informative) - Defect Reports not addressed in
        this edition of this part of ISO/IEC 9075
Bibliography
Index

Preface Standards development within the Information Technology sector is harmonized with international standards development. Through the CSA Technical Committee on Information Technology (TCIT), Canadians serve as the SCC Mirror Committee (SMC) on ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 on Information Technology (ISO/IEC JTC1) for the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the ISO member body for Canada and sponsor of the Canadian National Committee of the IEC. Also, as a member of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Canada participates in the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (ITU-T). For brevity, this Standard will be referred to as \"CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 9075-2\" throughout. This Standard supersedes CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 9075-2:13 (adopted ISO/IEC 9075-2:2011). Scope This part of ISO/IEC 9075 defines the data structures and basic operations on SQL-data. It provides functional capabilities for creating, accessing, maintaining, controlling, and protecting SQL-data. This part of ISO/IEC 9075 specifies the syntax and semantics of a database language: For specifying and modifying the structure and the integrity constraints of SQL-data. For declaring and invoking operations on SQL-data and cursors. For declaring database language procedures. For embedding SQL-statements in a compilation unit that is otherwise written in a particular programming language (host language). For deriving an equivalent compilation unit in the host language. In that equivalent compilation unit, each embedded SQL-statement has been replaced by one or more statements in the host language, some of which invoke an SQL externally-invoked procedure that, when executed, has an effect equivalent to executing the SQL-statement. For direct invocation of SQL-statements. To support dynamic preparation and execution of SQL-statements. This part of ISO/IEC 9075 provides a vehicle for portability of data definitions and compilation units between SQL-implementations. This part of ISO/IEC 9075 provides a vehicle for interconnection of SQL-implementations. Implementations of this part of ISO/IEC 9075 can exist in environments that also support application programming languages, end-user query languages, report generator systems, data dictionary systems, program library systems, and distributed communication systems, as well as various tools for database design, data administration, and performance optimization.

CSA Preface Standards development within the Information Technology sector is harmonized with international standards development. Through the CSA Technical Committee on Information Technology (TCIT), Canadians serve as the SCC Mirror Committee (SMC) on ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 on Information Technology (ISO/IEC JTC1) for the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the ISO member body for Canada and sponsor of the Canadian National Committee of the IEC. Also, as a member of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Canada participates in the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (ITU-T). For brevity, this Standard will be referred to as “CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 9075-2” throughout. This Standard supersedes CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 9075-2:13 (adopted ISO/IEC 9075-2:2011). At the time of publication, ISO/IEC 9075-2:2016 is available from ISO and IEC in English only. CSA Group will publish the French version when it becomes available from ISO and IEC. This Standard was reviewed by the CSA TCIT under the jurisdiction of the CSA Strategic Steering Committee on Information and Communications Technology and deemed acceptable for use in Canada. From time to time, ISO/IEC may publish addenda, corrigenda, etc. The TCIT will review these documents for approval and publication. For a listing, refer to the Current Standards Activities page at standardsactivities.csa.ca. This Standard has been formally approved, without modification, by the Technical Committee and has been developed in compliance with Standards Council of Canada requirements for National Standards of Canada. It has been published as a National Standard of Canada by CSA Group. Scope This part of ISO/IEC 9075 defines the data structures and basic operations on SQL-data. It provides functional capabilities for creating, accessing, maintaining, controlling, and protecting SQL-data. This part of ISO/IEC 9075 specifies the syntax and semantics of a database language: — For specifying and modifying the structure and the integrity constraints of SQL-data. — For declaring and invoking operations on SQL-data and cursors. — For declaring database language procedures. — For embedding SQL-statements in a compilation unit that is otherwise written in a particular programming language (host language). — For deriving an equivalent compilation unit in the host language. In that equivalent compilation unit, each embedded SQL-statement has been replaced by one or more statements in the host language, some of which invoke an SQL externally-invoked procedure that, when executed, has an effect equivalent to executing the SQL-statement. — For direct invocation of SQL-statements. — To support dynamic preparation and execution of SQL-statements. This part of ISO/IEC 9075 provides a vehicle for portability of data definitions and compilation units between SQL-implementations. This part of ISO/IEC 9075 provides a vehicle for interconnection of SQL-implementations. Implementations of this part of ISO/IEC 9075 can exist in environments that also support application programming languages, end-user query languages, report generator systems, data dictionary systems, program library systems, and distributed communication systems, as well as various tools for database design, data administration, and performance optimization.