CEN/TR 15463:2007

Foreword
1 Introduction
  1.1 The Horizontal project and the Work Package 7
  1.2 Desk study subject
  1.3 Evaluation of needs for control of operations and material
      characteristics
      1.3.1 Evaluation of needs for control of operation
      1.3.2 Material characteristics
  1.4 Search for existing standards and methods
  1.5 Basic information
      1.5.1 Flowability
      1.5.2 Solidity
      1.5.3 Thixotropic behaviour of solid materials
      1.5.4 Piling behaviour
2 Existing standards or draft standards
  2.1 Flowability
  2.2 Solidity
  2.3 Thixotropic behaviour
  2.4 Piling behaviour
3 Evaluation of drafting a Horizontal standard
  3.1 Flowability
      3.1.1 Capillary viscometers
      3.1.2 Penetrometer
      3.1.3 Rotational viscometers
      3.1.4 "Flow" apparatus
  3.2 Solidity
      3.2.1 Shearing apparatus
      3.2.2 Vane testing apparatus
      3.2.3 Penetrometer
  3.3 Thixotropic behaviour of solid materials
      3.3.1 Laboratory or field test feasibility
      3.3.2 Apparatus
      3.3.3 What is measured and how
      3.3.4 Material to be examined
      3.3.5 Feasibility of the methods to the materials of
            investigation
  3.4 Piling behaviour
      3.4.1 Laboratory or field test feasibility
      3.4.2 Apparatus
      3.4.3 What is measured and how
      3.4.4 Material to be examined
      3.4.5 Feasibility of the methods to the materials of
            investigation
4 Critical point and recommendations
  4.1 Flowability
      4.1.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra)
      4.1.2 Recommendation
  4.2 Solidity
      4.2.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra)
      4.2.2 Recommendation
  4.3 Thixotropic behaviour of solid materials
      4.3.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra)
      4.3.2 Recommendation
  4.4 Piling behaviour
      4.4.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra)
      4.4.2 Recommendation
  4.5 Summary of recommended methods
      4.5.1 Flowability
      4.5.2 Solidity, thixotropic behaviour and piling behaviour
  4.6 Research needs
      4.6.1 Basics of methods
      4.6.2 Applicability of methods to the materials of
            investigation
      4.6.3 Questions to be answered
      4.6.4 Route, how to answer them
      4.6.5 Steps to be taken
Bibliography

This CEN-Report "Physical Consistency" derives from the Desk Studies "Physical Properties -Flowability"(HORIZONTAL Report No. 21 [60]) and "Physical Properties - Solidity, Thixotropic Behaviour andPiling Behaviour" (HORIZONTAL Report No. 22 [61]) of the Horizontal Project. The "Horizontal" project hasthe objective to develop horizontal and harmonised European standards in the fields of sludge, bio-waste andsoil to facilitate regulation of these major streams in the multiple decisions related to different uses anddisposal governed by EU Directives. The Horizontal Project includes the Work Package 7 "Mechanicalproperties" consisting in the development of Desk Studies on physical consistency, because it is recognizedthat this property is very important for the characterization of sludge, since it affects almost all treatment,utilization and disposal operations, such as storage, pumping, transportation, handling, land-spreading,dewatering, drying, landfilling. The importance of the physical consistency is also true for the characterizationof bio-waste and soil. Also handling and utilization of many other materials, such as cement and asphalt arestrictly depending on their physical consistency. The needs for control of operations and also materialcharacteristics are described.