ECMA 287 : 2ED 2002
Current
The latest, up-to-date edition.
SAFETY OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
12-01-2013
1 Guidance principles and basic information
1.1 Scope
1.2 Additional requirements
1.3 References
1.4 Acronyms
2 Definitions
2.1 Abnormal condition
2.2 Basic insulation
2.3 Clearance
2.4 Creepage distance
2.5 Disconnect device
2.6 Double insulation
2.7 Electrical enclosure
2.8 Enclosure
2.9 External circuit
2.10 Fire enclosure
2.11 Functional insulation
2.12 Instructed person
2.13 Intermittent operation
2.14 Mains
2.15 Mains transient voltage
2.16 Mechanical enclosure
2.17 Non-detachable power supply cord
2.18 Normal condition
2.19 Ordinary person
2.20 Peak working voltage
2.21 Permanently connected equipment
2.22 Pluggable equipment type A
2.23 Pluggable equipment type B
2.24 Pollution degree
2.25 Potential ignition source
2.26 Potential ignition source 1
2.27 Potential ignition source 2
2.28 Principal safeguard
2.29 Protective conductor
2.30 Protective bonding conductor
2.31 Protective earthing conductor
2.32 Rated current
2.33 Rated frequency
2.34 Rated voltage
2.35 Reinforced insulation
2.36 Reinforced safeguard
2.37 Required withstand voltage
2.38 Ripple-free
2.39 Safeguard
2.40 Safety interlock
2.41 Short-time operation
2.42 Skilled person
2.43 Stationary equipment
2.44 Supplementary insulation
2.45 Supplementary safeguard
2.46 Temperature limiter
2.47 Thermal cut-out
2.48 Thermostat
2.49 Transportable equipment
2.50 Tool
2.51 Touch current
2.52 Working voltage
3 Electric shock hazards
3.1 Electrical parameters relating to the human body
3.2 Electric shock energy sources
3.3 Protection against energy sources
3.4 Accessible parts
3.5 Safeguard
3.6 Insulation system
3.7 Components as safeguards
3.8 Protective conductor
4 Fire hazards
4.1 Power sources and potential ignition sources
4.2 Fire hazards under normal condition
4.3 Fire hazards under abnormal conditions
4.4 Flammable liquids and vapours
4.5 Batteries
4.6 Fire hazard due to entering of foreign objects
5 Burn Hazard
5.1 Access to hot surfaces
5.2 Bridging of conductive parts
6 Mechanical hazards
6.1 Sharp edges and corners
6.2 Hazardous rotating or otherwise moving parts
6.3 Loosening, exploding or imploding parts
6.4 Instability of equipment
7 Radiation
7.1 Laser radiation
7.2 Ionising radiation
8 Chemical hazards
8.1 Hazardous chemicals
8.2 Ozone
8.3 Dust, particulates, liquids, or gases
Annex A (informative) Examples of equipment within the
scope of this Standard
Annex B (normative) General conditions for tests
B.1 Applicability of requirements
B.2 Type of tests
B.3 Test samples
B.4 Conditions for tests
B.5 Temperature measurement conditions
B.6 Temperature measurement methods
B.7 Simulated abnormal conditions
Annex C (informative) Bibliography
Annex D (normative) Test generators
D.1 General
D.2 ITU-T test generators
D.3 Antenna interface test generator
Annex E (normative) Measuring network for touch currents
Annex F (normative) Marking and instructions
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Marking
F.3 Instructions
Annex G (normative) Components
G.1 Switches
G.2 Thermal cut-outs
G.3 Thermal links
G.4 PTC-S thermistors
G.5 Protective devices not mentioned in G.2 to G.4
G.6 High voltage components and assemblies
G.7 Transformers
G.8 Motors
G.9 Mains supply cords
G.10 Voltage dependent resistors (VDRs)
Annex H (normative) Criteria for telephone ringing signals
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Method A
H.3 Method B
Annex J (informative) Overvoltage Categories (see 3.6.2)
Annex K (normative) Insulated winding wires
for use without interleaved insulation
K.1 General
K.2 Sampling tests
K.3 Testing during manufacture
Annex L (normative) Safety interlocks
L.1 General requirements
L.2 Inadvertent reactivation
L.3 Fail-safe operation
L.4 Override
L.5 Mechanically operated interlock switches
Annex M (normative) Disconnect devices
M.1 General requirements
M.2 Test method
Annex N (normative) Batteries
N.1 Requirements
N.2 Test method
Annex P (normative) Table of electrochemical potentials
Annex Q (normative) Measurement of creepage
distances and clearances
Annex R (reserved for future work)
Annex S (normative) Limited power sources
S.1 Definition
S.2 Test method
Annex T (normative) Constructional requirements for
potential ignition sources 1 and 2
T.1 General
Annex U (normative) Tests for resistance to heat and fire
U.1 Flammability test for fire enclosures of
transportable equipment having a total mass not
exceeding 18 kg, and for material and components
located within fire enclosures
U.2 Flammability tests for the bottom of fire
enclosures
U.3 Flammability test for high voltage cables
U.4 Flammability classification of materials
Annex V (normative) Tests for enclosures
V.1 Steady force test, 30 N
V.2 Impact test
Annex W (normative) Mechanical strength of picture
tubes and protection against the effects of
implosion
W.1 General
W.2 Non-intrinsically protected picture tubes
Applicable to electronic equipment with a rated voltage not exceeding 600 V rms and intended for domestic or professional use. The equipment may be powered from an a.c. or d.c. supply and can be an independent unit or a system of interconnected units. Intended to provide protection to persons as well as to the surrounding of the equipment.
Committee |
TC 12
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DocumentType |
Standard
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PublisherName |
European Computer Manufacturers Association
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Status |
Current
|
08/30187690 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008 | BS ISO/IEC 29642 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 GBYTES AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 2,4X) |
ECMA 291 : 1ED 99 | 8 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING AIT-1 WITH MIC FORMAT |
ECMA 374 : 2ED 2008 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 2,4X) |
CSA ISO/IEC 17341:2010 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X) |
08/30178401 DC : DRAFT FEB 2008 | BS ISO/IEC 11976 - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE-ONCE-READ-MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 60 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - SECOND GENERATION |
ECMA 329 : 1ED 2001 | 8 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING - AIT-3 FORMAT |
ECMA 377 : 1ED 2007 | INFORMATION INTERCHANGE ON HOLOGRAPHIC VERSATILE DISC (HVD) RECORDABLE CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 200 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE |
ISO/IEC 12862:2011 | Information technology — 120 mm (8,54 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (2,66 Gbytes per side) DVD recordable disk for dual layer (DVD-R for DL) |
ECMA 331 : 2ED 2004 | CASES FOR 120 MM AND 80 MM DVD-RAM DISKS |
ISO/IEC 17345:2006 | Information technology Data Interchange on 130 mm Rewritable and Write Once Read Many Ultra Density Optical (UDO) Disk Cartridges Capacity: 30 Gbytes per Cartridge First Generation |
07/30162890 DC : 0 | BS ISO/IEC 29642 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8, 55 GBYTES AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 2,4X) |
05/30130385 DC : DRAFT MAR 2005 | |
ECMA 315 : 1ED 2000 | 12,65 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CASSETTE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING - DTF-2 |
CSA ISO/IEC 17342 : 2005 : R2010 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 120 MM (4,70 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RE-RECORDABLE DISK (DVD-RW) |
ECMA 330 : 3ED 2005 | 120 MM (4,7 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD REWRITABLE DISK (DVD-RAM) |
CSA ISO/IEC 17592 : 2005 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - 120 MM (4,7 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD REWRITABLE DISK (DVD RAM) |
INCITS/ISO/IEC 29642 : 2008 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 GBYTES AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 2,4X) |
08/30187682 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008 | BS ISO/IEC 26925 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW HS FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 8X) |
ECMA 378 : 1ED 2007 | INFORMATION INTERCHANGE ON READ-ONLY MEMORY HOLOGRAPHIC VERSATILE DISC (HVD-ROM) - CAPACITY: 100 GBYTES PER DISK |
CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 17594-05 (R2015) | Information Technology - Cases for 120 mm and 80 mm DVD-RAM Disks (Adopted ISO/IEC 17594:2004, first edition, 2004-07-15) |
INCITS/ISO/IEC 25434 : 2009 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 GBYTES AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X) |
ISO/IEC 23912:2005 | Information technology 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per side) DVD Recordable Disk (DVD-R) |
ECMA 406 : 1ED 2013 | DISK CASSETTE FOR 5 DISKS WITH 120 MM DIAMETER |
ECMA 349 : 4ED 2008 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X) |
ISO/IEC 25434:2008 | Information technology Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +R DL format Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X) |
08/30187688 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008 | BS ISO/IEC 17341 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X) |
ECMA 351 : 1ED 2003 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 90 MM OPTICAL DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 1,3 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE |
INCITS/ISO/IEC 17341 : 2007 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X) |
08/30187684 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008 | |
ISO/IEC 17344:2009 | Information technology — Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +R format — Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X) |
ECMA 364 : 3ED 2007 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X) |
ECMA 320 : 1ED 2001 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 12,7 MM - 448-TRACK MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGES - SDLT1 FORMAT |
ECMA 274 : 2ED 99 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 3,0 GBYTES AND 6,0 GBYTES |
ECMA 316 : 2ED 2001 | 8 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING - VXA-1 FORMAT |
CSA ISO/IEC 17342 : 2005 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 120 MM (4,70 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RE-RECORDABLE DISK (DVD-RW) |
ISO/IEC 17346:2005 | Information technology Data interchange on 90 mm optical disk cartridges Capacity: 1,3 Gbytes per cartridge |
ECMA 292 : 1ED 99 | 8 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING AIT-2 WITH MIC FORMAT |
ECMA 322 : 1ED 2001 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 9,1 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE |
10/30233815 DC : 0 | |
ECMA 384 : 1ED 2008 | 120 MM (8,54 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RE-RECORDABLE DISK FOR DUAL LAYER (DVD-RW FOR DL) |
ECMA 317 : 1ED 2000 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 300 MM OPTICAL DISK CARTRIDGES OF TYPE WORM (WRITE ONCE READ MANY) USING IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS - CAPACITY: 30 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE |
INCITS/ISO/IEC 17344 : 2007 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X) |
ECMA 338 : 1ED 2002 | 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 120 MM (4,70 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RE-RECORDABLE DISK (DVD-RW) |
ISO/IEC 17342:2004 | Information technology — 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per side) DVD re-recordable disk (DVD-RW) |
CSA ISO/IEC 17592 : 2005 : R2010 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - 120 MM (4,7 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD REWRITABLE DISK (DVD RAM) |
ECMA 359 : 1ED 2004 | 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 120 MM (4,70 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RECORDABLE DISK (DVD-R) |
CSA ISO/IEC 17594 : 2005 : R2010 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - CASES FOR 120 MM AND 80 MM DVD-RAM DISKS |
CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 17592-05 (R2015) | Information Technology - 120 mm (4,7 Gbytes per Side) and 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per Side) DVD Rewritable Disk (DVD RAM) (Adopted ISO/IEC 17592:2004, first edition, 2004-07-15) |
CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 17342-05 (R2015) | Information Technology - 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per Side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per Side) DVD Re-Recordable Disk (DVD-RW) (Adopted ISO/IEC 17342:2004, first edition, 2004-07-15) |
08/30179526 DC : DRAFT MAR 2008 | BS ISO/IEC 11976 - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE-ONCE-READ-MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 60 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - SECOND GENERATION |
ECMA 268 : 3ED 2001 | 80 MM DVD - READ-ONLY DISK |
ECMA 353 : 1ED 2004 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 90 MM OPTICAL DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 2,3 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE |
ISO/IEC 11976:2008 | Information technology Data interchange on 130 mm rewritable and write-once-read-many ultra density optical (UDO) disk cartridges Capacity: 60 Gbytes per cartridge Second generation |
ISO/IEC 17341:2009 | Information technology — Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW format — Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X) |
ECMA 272 : 2ED 99 | 120 MM DVD REWRITABLE DISK (DVD-RAM) |
ISO/IEC 17592:2004 | Information technology 120 mm (4,7 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) DVD rewritable disk (DVD-RAM) |
ECMA 267 : 3ED 2001 | 120 MM DVD - READ-ONLY DISK |
ECMA 319 : 1ED 2001 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 12,7 MM - 384-TRACK MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGES - ULTRIUM-1 FORMAT |
ECMA 350 : 3ED 2006 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE ONCE READ MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 30 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - FIRST GENERATION |
ECMA 278 : 2ED 2000 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 12,7 MM 128-TRACK MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE - PARALLEL SERPENTINE FORMAT |
INCITS/ISO/IEC 17345 : 2006 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE ONCE READ MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 30 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - FIRST GENERATION |
08/30187686 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008 | BS ISO/IEC 17344 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X) |
CSA ISO/IEC 17594 : 2005 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - CASES FOR 120 MM AND 80 MM DVD-RAM DISKS |
CSA ISO/IEC 17341 : 2010 : R2015 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X) |
ECMA 375 : 1ED 2006 | CASE FOR 120 MM HVD-ROM DISK |
ECMA 365 : 1ED 2005 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 60 MM READ-ONLY ODC - CAPACITY: 1,8 GBYTES (UMD[TM]) |
ISO/IEC 13170:2009 | Information technology — 120 mm (8,54 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (2,66 Gbytes per side) DVD re-recordable disk for dual layer (DVD-RW for DL) |
ECMA 337 : 4ED 2008 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X) |
ISO/IEC 25435:2006 | Data Interchange on 60 mm Read-Only ODC Capacity: 1,8 Gbytes (UMDTM) |
ECMA 380 : 1ED 2007 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE ONCE READ MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 60 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - SECOND GENERATION |
ISO/IEC 17594:2004 | Information technology Cases for 120 mm and 80 mm DVD-RAM disks |
ECMA 371 : 2ED 2008 | DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW HS FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 8X) |
ECMA 288 : 1ED 99 | 3,81 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING - DDS-4 FORMAT |
ECMA 382 : 2ED 2010 | 120 MM (8,54 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RECORDABLE DISK FOR DUAL LAYER (DVD-R FOR DL) |
ISO/IEC 29642:2009 | Information technology Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW DL format Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed 2,4X) |
ISO/IEC 26925:2009 | Information technology Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW HS format Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X) |
IEC 60112:2003+AMD1:2009 CSV | Method for the determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of solid insulating materials |
ISO 9773:1998 | Plastics — Determination of burning behaviour of thin flexible vertical specimens in contact with a small-flame ignition source |
EN 563:1994/A1:1999/AC:2000 | SAFETY OF MACHINERY - TEMPERATURES OF TOUCHABLE SURFACES - ERGONOMICS DATA TO ESTABLISH TEMPERATURE LIMIT VALUES FOR HOT SURFACES |
IEC 60085:2007 | Electrical insulation - Thermal evaluation and designation |
IEC 60707:1999 | Flammability of solid non-metallic materials when exposed to flame sources - List of test methods |
IEC 60529:1989+AMD1:1999+AMD2:2013 CSV | Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) |
ISO 9772:2012 | Cellular plastics Determination of horizontal burning characteristics of small specimens subjected to a small flame |
IEC 60691:2015 | Thermal-links - Requirements and application guide |
ISO 4046:1978 | Paper, board, pulp and related terms — Vocabulary |
ISO 306:2013 | Plastics — Thermoplastic materials — Determination of Vicat softening temperature (VST) |
IEC 61965:2003 | Mechanical safety of cathode ray tubes |
ISO 7000:2014 | Graphical symbols for use on equipment Registered symbols |
IEC 61032:1997 | Protection of persons and equipment by enclosures - Probes for verification |
ISO 3864:1984 | Safety colours and safety signs |
IEC 60990:2016 | Methods of measurement of touch current and protective conductor current |
ECMA 328 : 8ED 2017 | DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL EMISSION RATES FROM ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT - PART 1 (USING-CONSUMABLES) AND PART 2 (NOT USING-CONSUMABLES) |
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