• ECMA 287 : 2ED 2002

    Current The latest, up-to-date edition.

    SAFETY OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

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    Published date:  12-01-2013

    Publisher:  European Computer Manufacturers Association

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    Table of Contents - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    1 Guidance principles and basic information
      1.1 Scope
      1.2 Additional requirements
      1.3 References
      1.4 Acronyms
    2 Definitions
      2.1 Abnormal condition
      2.2 Basic insulation
      2.3 Clearance
      2.4 Creepage distance
      2.5 Disconnect device
      2.6 Double insulation
      2.7 Electrical enclosure
      2.8 Enclosure
      2.9 External circuit
      2.10 Fire enclosure
      2.11 Functional insulation
      2.12 Instructed person
      2.13 Intermittent operation
      2.14 Mains
      2.15 Mains transient voltage
      2.16 Mechanical enclosure
      2.17 Non-detachable power supply cord
      2.18 Normal condition
      2.19 Ordinary person
      2.20 Peak working voltage
      2.21 Permanently connected equipment
      2.22 Pluggable equipment type A
      2.23 Pluggable equipment type B
      2.24 Pollution degree
      2.25 Potential ignition source
      2.26 Potential ignition source 1
      2.27 Potential ignition source 2
      2.28 Principal safeguard
      2.29 Protective conductor
      2.30 Protective bonding conductor
      2.31 Protective earthing conductor
      2.32 Rated current
      2.33 Rated frequency
      2.34 Rated voltage
      2.35 Reinforced insulation
      2.36 Reinforced safeguard
      2.37 Required withstand voltage
      2.38 Ripple-free
      2.39 Safeguard
      2.40 Safety interlock
      2.41 Short-time operation
      2.42 Skilled person
      2.43 Stationary equipment
      2.44 Supplementary insulation
      2.45 Supplementary safeguard
      2.46 Temperature limiter
      2.47 Thermal cut-out
      2.48 Thermostat
      2.49 Transportable equipment
      2.50 Tool
      2.51 Touch current
      2.52 Working voltage
    3 Electric shock hazards
      3.1 Electrical parameters relating to the human body
      3.2 Electric shock energy sources
      3.3 Protection against energy sources
      3.4 Accessible parts
      3.5 Safeguard
      3.6 Insulation system
      3.7 Components as safeguards
      3.8 Protective conductor
    4 Fire hazards
      4.1 Power sources and potential ignition sources
      4.2 Fire hazards under normal condition
      4.3 Fire hazards under abnormal conditions
      4.4 Flammable liquids and vapours
      4.5 Batteries
      4.6 Fire hazard due to entering of foreign objects
    5 Burn Hazard
      5.1 Access to hot surfaces
      5.2 Bridging of conductive parts
    6 Mechanical hazards
      6.1 Sharp edges and corners
      6.2 Hazardous rotating or otherwise moving parts
      6.3 Loosening, exploding or imploding parts
      6.4 Instability of equipment
    7 Radiation
      7.1 Laser radiation
      7.2 Ionising radiation
    8 Chemical hazards
      8.1 Hazardous chemicals
      8.2 Ozone
      8.3 Dust, particulates, liquids, or gases
    Annex A (informative) Examples of equipment within the
            scope of this Standard
    Annex B (normative) General conditions for tests
      B.1 Applicability of requirements
      B.2 Type of tests
      B.3 Test samples
      B.4 Conditions for tests
      B.5 Temperature measurement conditions
      B.6 Temperature measurement methods
      B.7 Simulated abnormal conditions
    Annex C (informative) Bibliography
    Annex D (normative) Test generators
      D.1 General
      D.2 ITU-T test generators
      D.3 Antenna interface test generator
    Annex E (normative) Measuring network for touch currents
    Annex F (normative) Marking and instructions
      F.1 Introduction
      F.2 Marking
      F.3 Instructions
    Annex G (normative) Components
      G.1 Switches
      G.2 Thermal cut-outs
      G.3 Thermal links
      G.4 PTC-S thermistors
      G.5 Protective devices not mentioned in G.2 to G.4
      G.6 High voltage components and assemblies
      G.7 Transformers
      G.8 Motors
      G.9 Mains supply cords
      G.10 Voltage dependent resistors (VDRs)
    Annex H (normative) Criteria for telephone ringing signals
      H.1 Introduction
      H.2 Method A
      H.3 Method B
    Annex J (informative) Overvoltage Categories (see 3.6.2)
    Annex K (normative) Insulated winding wires
            for use without interleaved insulation
      K.1 General
      K.2 Sampling tests
      K.3 Testing during manufacture
    Annex L (normative) Safety interlocks
      L.1 General requirements
      L.2 Inadvertent reactivation
      L.3 Fail-safe operation
      L.4 Override
      L.5 Mechanically operated interlock switches
    Annex M (normative) Disconnect devices
      M.1 General requirements
      M.2 Test method
    Annex N (normative) Batteries
      N.1 Requirements
      N.2 Test method
    Annex P (normative) Table of electrochemical potentials
    Annex Q (normative) Measurement of creepage
            distances and clearances
    Annex R (reserved for future work)
    Annex S (normative) Limited power sources
      S.1 Definition
      S.2 Test method
    Annex T (normative) Constructional requirements for
    potential ignition sources 1 and 2
      T.1 General
    Annex U (normative) Tests for resistance to heat and fire
      U.1 Flammability test for fire enclosures of
           transportable equipment having a total mass not
           exceeding 18 kg, and for material and components
           located within fire enclosures
      U.2 Flammability tests for the bottom of fire
           enclosures
      U.3 Flammability test for high voltage cables
      U.4 Flammability classification of materials
    Annex V (normative) Tests for enclosures
      V.1 Steady force test, 30 N
      V.2 Impact test
    Annex W (normative) Mechanical strength of picture
            tubes and protection against the effects of
            implosion
      W.1 General
      W.2 Non-intrinsically protected picture tubes

    Abstract - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Applicable to electronic equipment with a rated voltage not exceeding 600 V rms and intended for domestic or professional use. The equipment may be powered from an a.c. or d.c. supply and can be an independent unit or a system of interconnected units. Intended to provide protection to persons as well as to the surrounding of the equipment.

    General Product Information - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Committee TC 12
    Document Type Standard
    Publisher European Computer Manufacturers Association
    Status Current

    Standards Referenced By This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    08/30187690 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008 BS ISO/IEC 29642 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 GBYTES AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 2,4X)
    ECMA 291 : 1ED 99 8 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING AIT-1 WITH MIC FORMAT
    ECMA 374 : 2ED 2008 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 2,4X)
    CSA ISO/IEC 17341:2010 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X)
    08/30178401 DC : DRAFT FEB 2008 BS ISO/IEC 11976 - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE-ONCE-READ-MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 60 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - SECOND GENERATION
    ECMA 329 : 1ED 2001 8 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING - AIT-3 FORMAT
    ECMA 377 : 1ED 2007 INFORMATION INTERCHANGE ON HOLOGRAPHIC VERSATILE DISC (HVD) RECORDABLE CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 200 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE
    ISO/IEC 12862:2011 Information technology 120 mm (8,54 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (2,66 Gbytes per side) DVD recordable disk for dual layer (DVD-R for DL)
    ECMA 331 : 2ED 2004 CASES FOR 120 MM AND 80 MM DVD-RAM DISKS
    ISO/IEC 17345:2006 Information technology Data Interchange on 130 mm Rewritable and Write Once Read Many Ultra Density Optical (UDO) Disk Cartridges Capacity: 30 Gbytes per Cartridge First Generation
    07/30162890 DC : 0 BS ISO/IEC 29642 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8, 55 GBYTES AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 2,4X)
    05/30130385 DC : DRAFT MAR 2005
    ECMA 315 : 1ED 2000 12,65 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CASSETTE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING - DTF-2
    CSA ISO/IEC 17342 : 2005 : R2010 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 120 MM (4,70 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RE-RECORDABLE DISK (DVD-RW)
    ECMA 330 : 3ED 2005 120 MM (4,7 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD REWRITABLE DISK (DVD-RAM)
    CSA ISO/IEC 17592 : 2005 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - 120 MM (4,7 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD REWRITABLE DISK (DVD RAM)
    INCITS/ISO/IEC 29642 : 2008 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 GBYTES AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 2,4X)
    08/30187682 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008 BS ISO/IEC 26925 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW HS FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 8X)
    ECMA 378 : 1ED 2007 INFORMATION INTERCHANGE ON READ-ONLY MEMORY HOLOGRAPHIC VERSATILE DISC (HVD-ROM) - CAPACITY: 100 GBYTES PER DISK
    CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 17594-05 (R2015) Information Technology - Cases for 120 mm and 80 mm DVD-RAM Disks (Adopted ISO/IEC 17594:2004, first edition, 2004-07-15)
    INCITS/ISO/IEC 25434 : 2009 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 GBYTES AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X)
    ISO/IEC 23912:2005 Information technology 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per side) DVD Recordable Disk (DVD-R)
    ECMA 406 : 1ED 2013 DISK CASSETTE FOR 5 DISKS WITH 120 MM DIAMETER
    ECMA 349 : 4ED 2008 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X)
    ISO/IEC 25434:2008 Information technology Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +R DL format Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X)
    08/30187688 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008 BS ISO/IEC 17341 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X)
    ECMA 351 : 1ED 2003 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 90 MM OPTICAL DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 1,3 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE
    INCITS/ISO/IEC 17341 : 2007 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X)
    08/30187684 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008
    ISO/IEC 17344:2009 Information technology Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +R format Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X)
    ECMA 364 : 3ED 2007 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R DL FORMAT - CAPACITY: 8,55 AND 2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X)
    ECMA 320 : 1ED 2001 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 12,7 MM - 448-TRACK MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGES - SDLT1 FORMAT
    ECMA 274 : 2ED 99 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 3,0 GBYTES AND 6,0 GBYTES
    ECMA 316 : 2ED 2001 8 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING - VXA-1 FORMAT
    CSA ISO/IEC 17342 : 2005 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 120 MM (4,70 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RE-RECORDABLE DISK (DVD-RW)
    ISO/IEC 17346:2005 Information technology Data interchange on 90 mm optical disk cartridges Capacity: 1,3 Gbytes per cartridge
    ECMA 292 : 1ED 99 8 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING AIT-2 WITH MIC FORMAT
    ECMA 322 : 1ED 2001 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 9,1 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE
    10/30233815 DC : 0
    ECMA 384 : 1ED 2008 120 MM (8,54 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RE-RECORDABLE DISK FOR DUAL LAYER (DVD-RW FOR DL)
    ECMA 317 : 1ED 2000 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 300 MM OPTICAL DISK CARTRIDGES OF TYPE WORM (WRITE ONCE READ MANY) USING IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS - CAPACITY: 30 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE
    INCITS/ISO/IEC 17344 : 2007 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X)
    ECMA 338 : 1ED 2002 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 120 MM (4,70 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RE-RECORDABLE DISK (DVD-RW)
    ISO/IEC 17342:2004 Information technology 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per side) DVD re-recordable disk (DVD-RW)
    CSA ISO/IEC 17592 : 2005 : R2010 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - 120 MM (4,7 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD REWRITABLE DISK (DVD RAM)
    ECMA 359 : 1ED 2004 80 MM (1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 120 MM (4,70 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RECORDABLE DISK (DVD-R)
    CSA ISO/IEC 17594 : 2005 : R2010 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - CASES FOR 120 MM AND 80 MM DVD-RAM DISKS
    CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 17592-05 (R2015) Information Technology - 120 mm (4,7 Gbytes per Side) and 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per Side) DVD Rewritable Disk (DVD RAM) (Adopted ISO/IEC 17592:2004, first edition, 2004-07-15)
    CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 17342-05 (R2015) Information Technology - 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per Side) and 120 mm (4,70 Gbytes per Side) DVD Re-Recordable Disk (DVD-RW) (Adopted ISO/IEC 17342:2004, first edition, 2004-07-15)
    08/30179526 DC : DRAFT MAR 2008 BS ISO/IEC 11976 - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE-ONCE-READ-MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 60 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - SECOND GENERATION
    ECMA 268 : 3ED 2001 80 MM DVD - READ-ONLY DISK
    ECMA 353 : 1ED 2004 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 90 MM OPTICAL DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 2,3 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE
    ISO/IEC 11976:2008 Information technology Data interchange on 130 mm rewritable and write-once-read-many ultra density optical (UDO) disk cartridges Capacity: 60 Gbytes per cartridge Second generation
    ISO/IEC 17341:2009 Information technology Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW format Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X)
    ECMA 272 : 2ED 99 120 MM DVD REWRITABLE DISK (DVD-RAM)
    ISO/IEC 17592:2004 Information technology 120 mm (4,7 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (1,46 Gbytes per side) DVD rewritable disk (DVD-RAM)
    ECMA 267 : 3ED 2001 120 MM DVD - READ-ONLY DISK
    ECMA 319 : 1ED 2001 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 12,7 MM - 384-TRACK MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGES - ULTRIUM-1 FORMAT
    ECMA 350 : 3ED 2006 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE ONCE READ MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 30 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - FIRST GENERATION
    ECMA 278 : 2ED 2000 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 12,7 MM 128-TRACK MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE - PARALLEL SERPENTINE FORMAT
    INCITS/ISO/IEC 17345 : 2006 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE ONCE READ MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 30 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - FIRST GENERATION
    08/30187686 DC : DRAFT AUG 2008 BS ISO/IEC 17344 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +R FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 16X)
    CSA ISO/IEC 17594 : 2005 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - CASES FOR 120 MM AND 80 MM DVD-RAM DISKS
    CSA ISO/IEC 17341 : 2010 : R2015 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 GBYTES AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X)
    ECMA 375 : 1ED 2006 CASE FOR 120 MM HVD-ROM DISK
    ECMA 365 : 1ED 2005 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 60 MM READ-ONLY ODC - CAPACITY: 1,8 GBYTES (UMD[TM])
    ISO/IEC 13170:2009 Information technology 120 mm (8,54 Gbytes per side) and 80 mm (2,66 Gbytes per side) DVD re-recordable disk for dual layer (DVD-RW for DL)
    ECMA 337 : 4ED 2008 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED UP TO 4X)
    ISO/IEC 25435:2006 Data Interchange on 60 mm Read-Only ODC Capacity: 1,8 Gbytes (UMDTM)
    ECMA 380 : 1ED 2007 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 130 MM REWRITABLE AND WRITE ONCE READ MANY ULTRA DENSITY OPTICAL (UDO) DISK CARTRIDGES - CAPACITY: 60 GBYTES PER CARTRIDGE - SECOND GENERATION
    ISO/IEC 17594:2004 Information technology Cases for 120 mm and 80 mm DVD-RAM disks
    ECMA 371 : 2ED 2008 DATA INTERCHANGE ON 120 MM AND 80 MM OPTICAL DISK USING +RW HS FORMAT - CAPACITY: 4,7 AND 1,46 GBYTES PER SIDE (RECORDING SPEED 8X)
    ECMA 288 : 1ED 99 3,81 MM WIDE MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE - HELICAL SCAN RECORDING - DDS-4 FORMAT
    ECMA 382 : 2ED 2010 120 MM (8,54 GBYTES PER SIDE) AND 80 MM (2,66 GBYTES PER SIDE) DVD RECORDABLE DISK FOR DUAL LAYER (DVD-R FOR DL)
    ISO/IEC 29642:2009 Information technology Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW DL format Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed 2,4X)
    ISO/IEC 26925:2009 Information technology Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disk using +RW HS format Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X)

    Standards Referencing This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    IEC 60112:2003+AMD1:2009 CSV Method for the determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of solid insulating materials
    ISO 9773:1998 Plastics — Determination of burning behaviour of thin flexible vertical specimens in contact with a small-flame ignition source
    EN 563:1994/A1:1999/AC:2000 SAFETY OF MACHINERY - TEMPERATURES OF TOUCHABLE SURFACES - ERGONOMICS DATA TO ESTABLISH TEMPERATURE LIMIT VALUES FOR HOT SURFACES
    IEC 60085:2007 Electrical insulation - Thermal evaluation and designation
    IEC 60707:1999 Flammability of solid non-metallic materials when exposed to flame sources - List of test methods
    IEC 60529:1989+AMD1:1999+AMD2:2013 CSV Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
    ISO 9772:2012 Cellular plastics Determination of horizontal burning characteristics of small specimens subjected to a small flame
    IEC 60691:2015 Thermal-links - Requirements and application guide
    ISO 4046:1978 Paper, board, pulp and related terms — Vocabulary
    ISO 306:2013 Plastics — Thermoplastic materials — Determination of Vicat softening temperature (VST)
    IEC 61965:2003 Mechanical safety of cathode ray tubes
    ISO 7000:2014 Graphical symbols for use on equipment Registered symbols
    IEC 61032:1997 Protection of persons and equipment by enclosures - Probes for verification
    ISO 3864:1984 Safety colours and safety signs
    IEC 60990:2016 Methods of measurement of touch current and protective conductor current
    ECMA 328 : 8ED 2017 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL EMISSION RATES FROM ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT - PART 1 (USING-CONSUMABLES) AND PART 2 (NOT USING-CONSUMABLES)
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