EN 13230-1:2016

European foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Common characteristics
5 Materials
6 General requirements
7 Product testing
8 Quality control
Annex A (informative) - Test method to determine
        the Taber Wear index for a fine aggregate
Annex B (informative) - Test method for freeze-thaw
        resistance
Annex C (informative) - Test method for measuring the
        water absorption of concrete at atmospheric pressure
Annex D (informative) - Definition and recommendation
        for measurement of rail seat inclination and twist
        between rail seats
Annex E (informative) - Surface finish
Annex F (informative) - Quality control during
        manufacturing - Routine tests and frequency
        of testing
Annex ZA (informative) - Relationship between this European
         Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU
         Directive 2008/57/EC
Bibliography

This part of the EN 13230 series defines technical criteria and control procedures which need to be satisfied by the constituent materials and the finished concrete sleepers and bearers, i.e.: precast concrete sleepers, twin-block reinforced sleepers, bearers for switches and crossings, and special elements for railway tracks.The main requirement of concrete sleepers and bearers is the transmission of vertical, lateral and longitudinal loads from the rails to the ballast or other support. In use, they are also exposed to frost damage and to moisture, which can result in detrimental chemical reactions within the sleeper.In this standard mechanical tests are defined which provide assurance of the capability of sleepers or bearers to resist repetitive loading and provide sufficient durability. In addition, controls are placed on manufacturing processes and tests to ensure that the concrete will not suffer degradation in service through chemical reaction and frost damage.