FOREWORD
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
1.1.1 Scope of EN 1998-2
1.1.2 Further parts of EN 1998
1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
1.2.1 Use
1.2.2 General reference standards
1.2.3 Reference Codes and Standards
1.2.4 Additional general and other reference
standards for bridges
1.3 ASSUMPTIONS
1.4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES
1.5 DEFINITIONS
1.5.1 General
1.5.2 Terms common to all Eurocodes
1.5.3 Further terms used in EN 1998-2
1.6 SYMBOLS
1.6.1 General
1.6.2 Further symbols used in Sections 2 and 3
of EN 1998-2
1.6.3 Further symbols used in Section 4 of EN 1998-2
1.6.4 Further symbols used in Section 5 of EN 1998-2
1.6.5 Further symbols used in Section 6 of EN 1998-2
1.6.6 Further symbols used in Section 7 and
Annexes J, JJ and K of EN 1998-2
2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS AND COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
2.1 DESIGN SEISMIC ACTION
2.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 No-collapse (ultimate limit state)
2.2.3 Minimisation of damage
(serviceability limit state)
2.3 COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Intended seismic behaviour
2.3.3 Resistance verifications
2.3.4 Capacity design
2.3.5 Provisions for ductility
2.3.6 Connections - Control of displacements - Detailing
2.3.7 Simplified criteria
2.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
3 SEISMIC ACTION
3.1 DEFINITION OF THE SEISMIC ACTION
3.1.1 General
3.1.2 Application of the components of the motion
3.2 QUANTIFICATION OF THE COMPONENTS
3.2.1 General
3.2.2 Site dependent elastic response spectrum
3.2.3 Time-history representation
3.2.4 Site dependent design spectrum for linear analysis
3.3 SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF THE SEISMIC ACTION
4 ANALYSIS
4.1 MODELLING
4.1.1 Dynamic degrees of freedom
4.1.2 Masses
4.1.3 Damping of the structure and stiffness of members
4.1.4 Modelling of the soil
4.1.5 Torsional effects
4.1.6 Behaviour factors for linear analysis
4.1.7 Vertical component of the seismic action
4.1.8 Regular and irregular seismic behaviour of
ductile bridges
4.1.9 Non-linear analysis of irregular bridges
4.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS
4.2.1 Linear dynamic analysis - Response spectrum
method
4.2.2 Fundamental mode method
4.2.3 Alternative linear methods
4.2.4 Non-linear dynamic time-history analysis
4.2.5 Static non-linear analysis (pushover analysis)
5 STRENGTH VERIFICATION
5.1 GENERAL
5.2 MATERIALS AND DESIGN STRENGTH
5.2.1 Materials
5.2.2 Design strength
5.3 CAPACITY DESIGN
5.4 SECOND ORDER EFFECTS
5.5 COMBINATION OF THE SEISMIC ACTION WITH OTHER ACTIONS
5.6 RESISTANCE VERIFICATION OF CONCRETE SECTIONS
5.6.1 Design resistance
5.6.2 Structures of limited ductile behaviour
5.6.3 Structures of ductile behaviour
5.7 RESISTANCE VERIFICATION FOR STEEL AND
COMPOSITE MEMBERS
5.7.1 Steel piers
5.7.2 Steel or composite deck
5.8 FOUNDATIONS
5.8.1 General
5.8.2 Design action effects
5.8.3 Resistance verification
6 DETAILING
6.1 GENERAL
6.2 CONCRETE PIERS
6.2.1 Confinement
6.2.2 Buckling of longitudinal compression
reinforcement
6.2.3 Other rules
6.2.4 Hollow piers
6.3 STEEL PIERS
6.4 FOUNDATIONS
6.4.1 Spread foundation
6.4.2 Pile foundations
6.5 STRUCTURES OF LIMITED DUCTILE BEHAVIOUR
6.5.1 Verification of ductility of critical sections
6.5.2 Avoidance of brittle failure of specific
non-ductile components
6.6 BEARINGS AND SEISMIC LINKS
6.6.1 General requirements
6.6.2 Bearings
6.6.3 Seismic links, holding-down devices, shock
transmission units
6.6.4 Minimum overlap lengths
6.7 CONCRETE ABUTMENTS AND RETAINING WALLS
6.7.1 General requirements
6.7.2 Abutments flexibly connected to the deck
6.7.3 Abutments rigidly connected to the deck
6.7.4 Culverts with large overburden
6.7.5 Retaining walls
7 BRIDGES WITH SEISMIC ISOLATION
7.1 GENERAL
7.2 DEFINITIONS
7.3 BASIC REQUIREMENTS AND COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
7.4 SEISMIC ACTION
7.4.1 Design spectra
7.4.2 Time-history representation
7.5 ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND MODELLING
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Design properties of the isolating system
7.5.3 Conditions for application of analysis methods
7.5.4 Fundamental mode spectrum analysis
7.5.5 Multi-mode Spectrum Analysis
7.5.6 Time history analysis
7.5.7 Vertical component of seismic action
7.6 VERIFICATIONS
7.6.1 Seismic design situation
7.6.2 Isolating system
7.6.3 Substructures and superstructure
7.7 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ISOLATING SYSTEM
7.7.1 Lateral restoring capability
7.7.2 Lateral restraint at the isolation interface
7.7.3 Inspection and Maintenance
ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) - PROBABILITIES RELATED TO THE REFERENCE
SEISMIC ACTION - GUIDANCE FOR THE
SELECTION OF DESIGN SEISMIC ACTION
DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE
ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISPLACEMENT
DUCTILITY AND CURVATURE DUCTILITY
FACTORS OF PLASTIC HINGES IN CONCRETE
PIERS
ANNEX C (INFORMATIVE) - ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE DUCTILE MEMBERS
ANNEX D (INFORMATIVE) - SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND
MOTION: MODEL AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS
ANNEX E (INFORMATIVE) - PROBABLE MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND PLASTIC
HINGE DEFORMATION CAPACITIES FOR
NON-LINEAR ANALYSES
ANNEX F (INFORMATIVE) - ADDED MASS OF ENTRAINED WATER FOR
IMMERSED PIERS
ANNEX G (NORMATIVE) - CALCULATION OF CAPACITY DESIGN EFFECTS
ANNEX H (INFORMATIVE) - STATIC NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS (PUSHOVER)
ANNEX J (NORMATIVE) - VARIATION OF DESIGN PROPERTIES OF SEISMIC
ISOLATOR UNITS
ANNEX JJ (INFORMATIVE) - LAMBDA-FACTORS FOR COMMON ISOLATOR
ISOLATOR TYPES
ANNEX K (INFORMATIVE) - TESTS FOR VALIDATION OF DESIGN PROPERTIES
OF SEISMIC ISOLATOR UNITS