1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Definitions
4 Application considerations
4.1 General
4.2 Corrosive areas
4.3 Installation considerations
4.4 Process temperature accuracy
5 Thermal insulation
5.1 General
5.2 Selection of insulating material
5.3 Selection of weather barrier (cladding)
5.4 Selection of economical thickness
5.5 Double insulation
6 System design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Purpose of, and major requirement for, trace heating
6.3 Heat loss calculations
6.4 Heat-up considerations
6.5 Heat-loss design safety factor
6.6 Selection of trace heater
6.7 Maximum temperature determination
6.8 Design information
6.9 Power system
6.10 Start-up at low ambient temperatures
6.11 Long cable runs
6.12 Flow pattern analysis
6.13 Dead-leg control technique
6.14 Chimney effect
7 Control and monitoring equipment
7.1 General
7.2 Mechanical controllers
7.3 Electronic controllers
7.4 Application suitability
7.5 Location of controllers
7.6 Location of sensors
7.7 Alarm considerations
8 Recommendations for installation, testing and maintenance
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Application
8.3 Preparatory work
8.4 Installation of trace-heating systems
8.5 Installation of trace heaters
8.6 Installation of control and monitoring equipment
8.7 Installation of thermal insulation system
8.8 Commissioning
8.9 Maintenance
8.10 Repairs
Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international
publications with their corresponding European
publications