FAA AC 00-57 : 1997

FOREWORD
LIST OF FIGURES/TABLES
PART I REVIEW OF METEOROLOGICAL CONCEPTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 ACCIDENT STATISTICS
3.0 THE EFFECTS OF OROGRAPHIC WINDS AND TURBULENCE ON
    AVIATION OPERATIONS
    3.1 High-Altitude Operations
    3.2 Takeoff and Landing
    3.3 Low-level Mountain Flying
4.0 SOURCES OF MOUNTAIN-INDUCED WIND HAZARDS FOR AVIATION
    4.1 A Review of Key Meteorological Concepts
    4.2 A Review of Static Stability and Stable/Unstable
        Atmospheric Stratifications
        4.2.1 Summary Comments on Stability
    4.3 Elementary Theory of Gravity Waves and Shear-Induced
        Waves
        4.3.1 Summary Comments on Gravity Waves and
              Shear-Induced Waves
    4.4 Breaking Waves and Turbulence
5.0 ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS
    5.1 Larger-Scale Hazards
        5.1.1 Vertically Propagating Mountain Waves
        5.1.2 Trapped Lee Waves
        5.1.3 Persistent Horizontal Roll Vortices (Rotors)
        5.1.4 Kelvin-Helmholtz Waves
    5.2 Smaller-Scale Hazards
        5.2.1 Lee-Side Inversion With Shear Flow
              (Mountain-Induced Shear With No Wave Development)
        5.2.2 Non-Steady Horizontal Roll Vortices (Moving
              Horizontal Vortices)
        5.2.3 Intense Vertical-Axis Vortices
        5.2.4 Boras
        5.2.5 Other Phenomena
PART II ATLAS OF VISUAL INDICATORS
6.0 VISUAL INDICATORS OF OROGRAPHIC WIND FIELDS
    6.1 Larger-Scale Features
    6.2 Smaller-Scale Flows
    6.3 Rotors and Other Turbulent Zones
    6.4 Interpreting Contrails
    6.5 Other Visual Indications of Air Motion Near Complex
        Terrain
PART III SUMMARY
7.0 REVIEW OF MAJOR CONCEPTS
GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
REFERENCES

Gives information on hazardous mountain winds and their effects on flight operations near mountainous regions. The primary purpose of this AC is to assist pilots involved in aviation operations to diagnose the potential for severe wind events in the vicinity of mountainous areas and to provide information on pre-flight planning techniques and in-flight evaluation strategies for avoiding destructive turbulence and loss of aircraft control.