FOREWORD
BACKGROUND OF THE EUROCODE PROGRAMME
STATUS AND FIELD OF APPLICATION OF EUROCODES
NATIONAL STANDARDS IMPLEMENTING EUROCODES
LINKS BETWEEN EUROCODES AND HARMONIZED TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS (ENS AND ETAS) FOR PRODUCTS
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SPECIFIC TO EN 1991-2
NATIONAL ANNEX FOR EN 1991-2
SECTION 1: GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
1.3 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES
1.4 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
1.4.1 Harmonized terms and common definitions
1.4.2 Terms and definitions specifically for road bridges
1.4.3 Terms and definitions specifically for railway bridges
1.5 SYMBOLS
1.5.1 Common symbols
1.5.2 Symbols specifically for sections 4 and 5
1.5.3 Symbols specifically for section 6
SECTION 2: CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS
2.1 GENERAL
2.2 VARIABLE ACTIONS
2.3 ACTIONS FOR ACCIDENTAL DESIGN SITUATIONS
SECTION 3: DESIGN SITUATIONS
SECTION 4: ROAD TRAFFIC ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONS SPECIFICALLY
FOR ROAD BRIDGES
4.1 FIELD OF APPLICATION
4.2 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS
4.2.1 Models of road traffic loads
4.2.2 Loading classes
4.2.3 Divisions of the carriageway into notional lanes
4.2.4 Location and numbering of the lanes for design
4.2.5 Application of the load models on the individual lanes
4.3 VERTICAL LOADS - CHARACTERISTIC VALUES
4.3.1 General and associated design situations
4.3.2 Load model 1
4.3.3 Load model 2
4.3.4 Load model 3 (special vehicles)
4.3.5 Load model 4 (crowd loading)
4.3.6 Dispersal of concentrated loads
4.4 HORIZONTAL FORCES - CHARACTERISTIC VALUES
4.4.1 Braking and acceleration forces
4.4.2 Centrifugal and other transverse forces
4.5 GROUPS OF TRAFFIC LOADS ON ROAD BRIDGES
4.5.1 Characteristic values of the multicomponent action
4.5.2 Other representative values of the multicomponent
action
4.5.3 Groups of loads in transient design situations
4.6 FATIGUE LOAD MODELS
4.6.1 General
4.6.2 Fatigue load model 1 (similar to LM 1)
4.6.3 Fatigue load model 2 (set of "frequent" lorries)
4.6.4 Fatigue load model 3 (single vehicle model)
4.6.5 Fatigue load model 4 (set of "standard" lorries)
4.6.6 Fatigue load model 5 (based on recorded road traffic
data)
4.7 ACTIONS FOR ACCIDENTAL DESIGN SITUATIONS
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Collision forces from vehicles under the bridge
4.7.3 Actions from vehicles on the bridge
4.8 ACTIONS ON PEDESTRIAN PARAPETS
4.9 LOAD MODELS FOR ABUTMENTS AND WALLS ADJACENT TO BRIDGES
4.9.1 Vertical loads
4.9.2 Horizontal force
SECTION 5: ACTIONS ON FOOTWAYS, CYCLE TRACKS AND FOOTBRIDGES
5.1 FIELD OF APPLICATION
5.2 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS
5.2.1 Load models
5.2.2 Loading classes
5.2.3 Application of the load models
5.3 STATIC MODELS FOR VERTICAL LOADS - CHARACTERISTIC VALUES
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Load models
5.4 STATIC MODEL FOR HORIZONTAL FORCES - CHARACTERISTIC VALUES
5.5 GROUPS OF TRAFFIC LOADS ON FOOTBRIDGES
5.6 ACTIONS FOR ACCIDENTAL DESIGN SITUATIONS FOR FOOTBRIDGES
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Collision forces from road vehicles under the bridge
5.6.3 Accidental presence of vehicles on the bridge
5.7 Dynamic models of pedestrian loads
5.8 Actions on parapets
5.9 Load model for abutments and walls adjacent to bridges
SECTION 6: RAIL TRAFFIC ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONS SPECIFICALLY
FOR RAILWAY BRIDGES
6.1 FIELD OF APPLICATION
6.2 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS - NATURE OF RAIL TRAFFIC LOADS
6.3 VERTICAL LOADS - CHARACTERISTIC VALUES (STATIC EFFECTS)
AND ECCENTRICITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF LOADING
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Load model 71
6.3.3 Load models SW/0 and SW/2
6.3.4 Load model "unloaded train"
6.3.5 Eccentricity of vertical loads (load models 71
and SW/0)
6.3.6 Distribution of axle loads by the rails, sleepers
and ballast
6.3.7 Actions for non-public footpaths
6.4 DYNAMIC EFFECTS (INCLUDING RESONANCE)
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Factors influencing dynamic behaviour
6.4.3 General design rules
6.4.4 Requirement for a static or dynamic analysis
6.4.5 Dynamic factor phi (phi 2, phi 3)
6.4.6 Requirements for a dynamic analysis
6.5 HORIZONTAL FORCES - CHARACTERISTIC VALUES
6.5.1 Centrifugal forces
6.5.2 Nosing force
6.5.3 Actions due to traction and braking
6.5.4 Combined response of structure and track to
variable actions
6.6 AERODYNAMIC ACTIONS FROM PASSING TRAINS
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 Simple vertical surfaces parallel to the track (e.g.
noise barriers)
6.6.3 Simple horizontal surfaces above the track (e.g.
overhead protective structures)
6.6.4 Simple horizontal surfaces adjacent to the track (e.g.
platform canopies with no vertical wall)
6.6.5 Multiple-surface structures alongside the track with
vertical and horizontal or inclined surfaces (e.g.
bent noise barriers, platform canopies with vertical
walls)
6.6.6 Surfaces enclosing the structure gauge of the tracks
over a limited length (up to 20 m) (horizontal surface
above the tracks and at least one vertical wall, e.g.
scaffolding, temporary constructions)
6.7 DERAILMENT AND OTHER ACTIONS FOR RAILWAY BRIDGES
6.7.1 Derailment actions from rail traffic on a railway bridge
6.7.2 Derailment under or adjacent to a structure and other
actions for accidental design situations
6.7.3 Other actions
6.8 APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC LOADS ON RAILWAY BRIDGES
6.8.1 General
6.8.2 Groups of loads - Characteristic values of the
multicomponent action
6.8.3 Groups of loads - Other representative values of the
multicomponent actions
6.8.4 Traffic loads in transient design situations
6.9 TRAFFIC LOADS FOR FATIGUE
ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) MODELS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES FOR ROAD BRIDGES
A.1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
A.2 BASIC MODELS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES
A.3 APPLICATION OF SPECIAL VEHICLE LOAD MODELS ON THE CARRIAGEWAY
ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) FATIGUE LIFE ASSESSMENT FOR ROAD BRIDGES -
ASSESSMENT METHOD BASED ON RECORDED TRAFFIC)
ANNEX C (NORMATIVE) DYNAMIC FACTORS 1 + PHI FOR REAL TRAINS
ANNEX D (NORMATIVE) BASIS FOR THE FATIGUE ASSESSMENT OF RAILWAY
STRUCTURES METHOD BASED ON RECORDED TRAFFIC)
D.1 ASSUMPTIONS FOR FATIGUE ACTIONS
D.2 GENERAL DESIGN METHOD
D.3 TRAIN TYPES FOR FATIGUE
ANNEX E (INFORMATIVE) LIMITS OF VALIDITY OF LOAD MODEL HSLM AND
THE SELECTION OF THE CRITICAL UNIVERSAL TRAIN FROM HSLM-A
E.1 LIMITS OF VALIDITY OF LOAD MODEL HSLM
E.2 SELECTION OF A UNIVERSAL TRAIN FROM HSLM-A
ANNEX F (INFORMATIVE) CRITERIA TO BE SATISFIED IF A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
IS NOT REQUIRED
ANNEX G (INFORMATIVE) METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE COMBINED RESPONSE
OF A STRUCTURE AND TRACK TO VARIABLE ACTIONS
G.1 INTRODUCTION
G.2 LIMITS OF VALIDITY OF CALCULATION METHOD
G.3 STRUCTURES CONSISTING OF A SINGLE BRIDGE DECK
G.4 STRUCTURES CONSISTING OF A SUCCESSION OF DECKS
ANNEX H (INFORMATIVE) LOAD MODELS FOR RAIL TRAFFIC LOADS IN TRANSIENT
DESIGN SITUATIONS
Annex NA (informative) Irish National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on
structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges
Introduction
NA.1 Scope
NA.2 Nationally Determined Parameters
NA.3 Decision on the status of informative annexes
NA.4 References to non-contradictory complementary information
Bibliography