IEC 60076-12:2008
Current
The latest, up-to-date edition.
Power transformers - Part 12: Loading guide for dry-type power transformers
Hardcopy , PDF , PDF 3 Users , PDF 5 Users , PDF 9 Users
English - French, Spanish, Castilian
05-11-2008
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Effect of loading beyond nameplate rating
4.1 General
4.2 General consequences
4.3 Effects and hazards of short-time emergency loading
4.4 Effects of long-time emergency loading
5 Ageing and transformer insulation lifetime
5.1 General
5.2 Lifetime
5.3 Relation between constant continuous load and
temperature
5.4 Ageing rate
5.5 Lifetime consumption
5.6 Hot-spot temperature in steady state
5.7 Assumed hot-spot factor
5.8 Hot-spot temperature rises at varying ambient
temperature and load conditions
5.9 Loading equations
5.9.1 Continuous loading
5.9.2 Transient loading
5.10 Determination of winding time constant
5.10.1 General
5.10.2 Time constant calculation method
5.10.3 Time constant test method
5.11 Determination of winding time constant according
to empirical constant
5.12 Calculation of loading capability
6 Limitations
6.1 Current and temperature limitations
6.2 Other limitations
6.2.1 Magnetic leakage field in structural metallic
parts
6.2.2 Accessories and other considerations
6.2.3 Transformers in an enclosure
6.2.4 Outdoor ambient conditions
Annex A (informative) Ageing rate
Annex B (informative) Examples of lifetime consumptions
for 3 load regimes
Annex C (informative) List of symbols
Bibliography
IEC 60076-12:2008 is applicable to dry-type transformers according to the scope of IEC 60076-11. It provides the means to estimate ageing rate and consumption of lifetime of the transformer insulation as a function of the operating temperature, time and the loading of the transformer.
DevelopmentNote |
Supersedes IEC 60905. (11/2008) Stability Date: 2018. (07/2015)
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DocumentType |
Standard
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Pages |
70
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PublisherName |
International Electrotechnical Committee
|
Status |
Current
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SupersededBy | |
Supersedes |
Standards | Relationship |
IS 2026 : Part 12 : 2018 | Identical |
NF EN 60076-12 : 2007 PR | Identical |
UNE-IEC 60076-12:2010 | Identical |
NEN IEC 60076-12 : 2009 | Identical |
CEI 14-47 : 2012 | Identical |
PN-IEC 60076-12:2023-09 | Identical |
PREN ISO 5826 : DRAFT 2012 | RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - TRANSFORMERS - GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL TRANSFORMERS (ISO/DIS 5826:2012) |
UNE-EN 50541-1:2012 | Three phase dry-type distribution transformers 50 Hz, from 100 kVA to 3 150 kVA, with highest voltage for equipment not exceeding 36 kV - Part 1: General requirements |
UNE-EN 61378-1:2012 | Convertor transformers -- Part 1: Transformers for industrial applications |
I.S. EN 60076-16:2011 | POWER TRANSFORMERS - PART 16: TRANSFORMERS FOR WIND TURBINES APPLICATIONS (IEC 60076-16:2011) |
I.S. EN 62271-212:2017 | HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 212: COMPACT EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLY FOR DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION (CEADS) |
NF EN 60076-16 : 2012 | POWER TRANSFORMERS - PART 16: TRANSFORMERS FOR WIND TURBINES APPLICATION |
UNE-EN 62271-212:2017 | High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 212: Compact Equipment Assembly for Distribution Substation (CEADS) |
11/30253145 DC : 0 | BS EN 62271-202 ED2 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 202: HIGH-VOLTAGE/LOW-VOLTAGE PREFABRICATED SUBSTATION |
EN 50541-1:2011 | Three phase dry-type distribution transformers 50 Hz, from 100 kVA to 3 150 kVA, with highest voltage for equipment not exceeding 36 kV - Part 1: General requirements |
EN 62271-212:2017 | High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 212: Compact Equipment Assembly for Distribution Substation (CEADS) |
EN 62271-202:2014/AC:2014 | HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 202: HIGH-VOLTAGE/LOW-VOLTAGE PREFABRICATED SUBSTATION (IEC 62271-202:2014) |
EN 61378-1:2011 | Convertor transformers - Part 1: Transformers for industrial applications |
13/30256030 DC : 0 | BS IEC 62695 ED 1.0 - RAILWAY APPLICATIONS - FIXED INSTALLATIONS - TRACTION TRANSFORMERS |
BS EN 50541-1:2011 | Three phase dry-type distribution transformers 50 Hz, from 100 kVA to 3150 kVA, with highest voltage for equipment not exceeding 36 kV General requirements |
CEI EN 60076-16 : 2012 | POWER TRANSFORMERS - PART 16: TRANSFORMERS FOR WIND TURBINES APPLICATIONS |
I.S. EN 62271-202:2014 | HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 202: HIGH-VOLTAGE/LOW-VOLTAGE PREFABRICATED SUBSTATION |
CEI EN 61378-1 : 2012 | CONVERTOR TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: TRANSFORMERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS |
I.S. EN 60077-1:2017 | RAILWAY APPLICATIONS - ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT FOR ROLLING STOCK - PART 1: GENERAL SERVICE CONDITIONS AND GENERAL RULES |
I.S. EN ISO 14224:2016 | PETROLEUM, PETROCHEMICAL AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES - COLLECTION AND EXCHANGE OF RELIABILITY AND MAINTENANCE DATA FOR EQUIPMENT (ISO 14224:2016) |
I.S. EN 60974-1:2012 | ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT - PART 1: WELDING POWER SOURCES (IEC 60974-1:2012 (EQV)) |
BS EN 60214-1:2014 | Tap-changers Performance requirements and test methods |
BS EN 60076-1:2011 | Power transformers General |
CEI EN 50541-1 : 2011 | THREE PHASE DRY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS 50 HZ, FROM 100 KVA TO 3150 KVA, WITH HIGHEST VOLTAGE FOR EQUIPMENT NOT EXCEEDING 36 KV - PART 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS |
14/30271248 DC : 0 | BS EN 60310 ED 4.0 - RAILWAY APPLICATIONS - TRACTION TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS ON BOARD ROLLING STOCK |
CCS GUIDELINE E-07 : DEC 2017 | TRANSFORMERS |
BS EN 60974-1:2012 | Arc welding equipment Welding power sources |
IEC 61892-3:2012 | Mobile and fixed offshore units - Electrical installations - Part 3: Equipment |
I.S. EN 60310:2016 | RAILWAY APPLICATIONS - TRACTION TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS ON BOARD ROLLING STOCK |
I.S. EN 50541-1:2011 | THREE PHASE DRY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS 50 HZ, FROM 100 KVA TO 3150 KVA, WITH HIGHEST VOLTAGE FOR EQUIPMENT NOT EXCEEDING 36 KV - PART 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS |
IEC 62695:2014 | Railway applications - Fixed installations - Traction transformers |
PREN 50541-1 : DRAFT 2009 | THREE PHASE DRY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS 50 HZ, FROM 100 TO 3150 KVA, WITH HIGHEST VOLTAGE FOR EQUIPMENT NOT EXCEEDING 36 KV - PART 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS WITH HIGHEST VOLTAGE FOR EQUIPMENT NOT EXCEEDING 36 KV |
IEC TR 62655:2013 | Tutorial and application guide for high-voltage fuses |
IEC 60974-1:2017 | Arc welding equipment - Part 1: Welding power sources |
UNE-EN 62271-202:2015 | High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 202: High-voltage/low-voltage prefabricated substation |
ISO 14224:2016 | Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment |
UNI EN ISO 5826 : 2014 | RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - TRANSFORMERS - GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL TRANSFORMERS |
CSA E60974.1 : 2012 | ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT - PART 1: WELDING POWER SOURCES |
12/30246951 DC : 0 | BS ISO 5826 - RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - TRANSFORMERS - GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL TRANSFORMERS |
CSA C802.4 : 2013 | GUIDE FOR KVA SIZING OF DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS, 1.2 KV CLASS, SINGLE-PHASE AND THREE-PHASE |
PD IEC/TR 62655:2013 | Tutorial and application guide for high-voltage fuses |
13/30288591 DC : 0 | BS EN 60974-1 - ARC WEDLING EQUIPMENT - PART 1: WELDING POWER SOURCE |
BS EN 60076-16:2011 | Power transformers Transformers for wind turbines applications |
BS EN 61378-1:2011 | Convertor transformers Transformers for industrial applications |
UNE-EN 60076-16:2012 | Power transformers - Part 16: Transformers for wind turbines applications |
IEEE C57.96-2013 | IEEE Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers |
BS EN 60310:2016 | Railway applications. Traction transformers and inductors on board rolling stock |
CEI EN 60076-1 : 2015 | POWER TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: GENERAL |
DIN EN ISO 5826:2014-07 | RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - TRANSFORMERS - GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL TRANSFORMERS (ISO 5826:2014) |
BS EN 62271-212:2017 | High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Compact Equipment Assembly for Distribution Substation (CEADS) |
IEC 61378-1:2011 | Converter transformers - Part 1: Transformers for industrial applications |
16/30296081 DC : 0 | BS EN 60077-1 ED. 2.0 - RAILWAY APPLICATIONS - ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT FOR ROLLING STOCK - PART 1: GENERAL SERVICE CONDITIONS AND GENERAL RULES |
UNE-EN 60076-1:2013 | Power transformers - Part 1: General |
IEC 60076-1:2011 | Power transformers - Part 1: General |
IEC 62271-212:2016 | High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 212: Compact Equipment Assembly for Distribution Substation (CEADS) |
IEC 62271-202:2014 | High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 202: High-voltage/ low-voltage prefabricated substation |
IEC 60310:2016 | Railway applications - Traction transformers and inductors on board rolling stock |
IEC 60214-1:2014 | Tap-changers - Part 1: Performance requirements and test methods |
BS EN 60077-1:2017 | Railway applications. Electric equipment for rolling stock General service conditions and general rules |
ISO 5826:2014 | Resistance welding equipment Transformers General specifications applicable to all transformers |
EN 60076-16:2011 | Power transformers - Part 16: Transformers for wind turbines applications |
EN ISO 5826:2014 | Resistance welding equipment - Transformers - General specifications applicable to all transformers (ISO 5826:2014) |
09/30211604 DC : 0 | BS EN 50541-1 - THREE PHASE DRY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS 50 HZ, FROM 100 TO 3150 KVA, WITH HIGHEST VOLTAGE FOR EQUIPMENT NOT EXCEEDING 36 KV - PART 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS WITH HIGHEST VOLTAGE FOR EQUIPMENT NOT EXCEEDING 36 KV |
CEI EN 60974-1 : 2013 | ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT - PART 1: WELDING POWER SOURCES |
BS IEC 61892-3:2012 | Mobile and fixed offshore units. Electrical installations Equipment |
16/30349321 DC : 0 | BS EN 60076-11 ED 2.0 - POWER TRANSFORMERS - PART 11: DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS |
NF EN 60310 : 2017 | RAILWAY APPLICATIONS - TRACTION TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS ON BOARD ROLLING STOCK |
I.S. EN 60076-1:2011 | POWER TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: GENERAL (IEC 60076-1:2011) |
I.S. EN 61378-1:2011 | CONVERTOR TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: TRANSFORMERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS (IEC 61378-1:2011) |
UNE-EN 60974-1:2013 | Arc welding equipment - Part 1: Welding power sources |
UNE-EN 60214-1:2015 | Tap-changers - Part 1: Performance requirements and test methods |
I.S. EN 60214-1:2014 | TAP-CHANGERS - PART 1: PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS |
IEC 60077-1:2017 | Railway applications - Electric equipment for rolling stock - Part 1: General service conditions and general rules |
IEC 60076-16:2011 | Power transformers - Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications |
BS EN ISO 14224:2016 | Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment |
BS EN 62271-202:2014 | High-voltage switchgear and controlgear High-voltage/low-voltage prefabricated substation |
BS EN ISO 5826:2014 | Resistance welding equipment. Transformers. General specifications applicable to all transformers |
EN 60077-1:2017 | Railway applications - Electric equipment for rolling stock - Part 1: General service conditions and general rules |
IEC 60077-1:2017 RLV | Railway applications - Electric equipment for rolling stock - Part 1: General service conditions and general rules |
EN 60214-1:2014 | Tap-changers - Part 1: Performance requirements and test methods |
EN 60974-1:2012 | Arc welding equipment - Part 1: Welding power sources |
EN 60076-1:2011 | POWER TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: GENERAL (IEC 60076-1:2011) |
EN 60310:2016/AC:2018-03 | RAILWAY APPLICATIONS - TRACTION TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS ON BOARD ROLLING STOCK (IEC 60310:2016/COR1:2018) |
CEI 18-58 : 2013 | MOBILE AND FIXED OFFSHORE UNITS - ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS - PART 3: EQUIPMENT |
IEC 60216-6:2006 | Electrical insulating materials - Thermal endurance properties - Part 6: Determination of thermal endurance indices (TI and RTE) of an insulating material using the fixed time frame method |
IEC 60216-4-2:2000 | Electrical insulating materials - Thermal endurance properties - Part 4-2: Ageing ovens - Precision ovens for use up to 300 °C |
IEC 60216-4-1:2006 | Electrical insulating materials - Thermal endurance properties - Part 4-1: Ageing ovens - Single-chamber ovens |
IEC 60216-2:2005 | Electrical insulating materials - Thermal endurance properties - Part 2: Determination of thermal endurance properties of electrical insulating materials - Choice of test criteria |
IEC 60076-1:2011 | Power transformers - Part 1: General |
IEC 60076-2:2011 | Power transformers - Part 2: Temperature rise for liquid-immersed transformers |
IEC 60216-4-3:2000 | Electrical insulating materials - Thermal endurance properties - Part 4-3: Ageing ovens - Multi-chamber ovens |
IEC 60216-5:2008 | Electrical insulating materials - Thermal endurance properties - Part 5: Determination of relative thermal endurance index (RTE) of an insulating material |
IEC 60216-1:2013 | Electrical insulating materials - Thermal endurance properties - Part 1: Ageing procedures and evaluation of test results |
IEC 61378-1:2011 | Converter transformers - Part 1: Transformers for industrial applications |
IEC 60216-3:2006 | Electrical insulating materials - Thermal endurance properties - Part 3: Instructions for calculating thermal endurance characteristics |
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