1 General
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope
1.3 Units
1.4 Definitions
1.5 Waveform parameters
1.6 Operating principles of measuring instrument
1.7 Grounding
1.8 Magnetic and capacitive interference and their
reduction
1.9 Terms and definitions for performance evaluation
of a measurement process or instrument
1.10 Transportation
1.11 Safety
1.12 Bibliography
2 Voltage and current measurements
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Voltage measurements
2.3 Current measurements
2.4 Instrument transformers
2.5 Bibliography
3 Power, energy, and power factor
3.1 Power measurement
3.2 Energy measurement
3.3 Power factor and phase-angle measurement
3.4 Transducers
3.5 Bibliography
4 Frequency measurements
4.1 Description
4.2 Methods of measuring frequency
4.3 Calibration
5 Impedance measurements
5.1 Description
5.2 Determination of impedance
5.3 Effective resistance
5.4 Effective reactance
5.5 Difficulties encountered in making measurements
5.6 Bridge methods
5.7 Bibliography
6 Measurements of magnetic quantities in power
circuits
6.1 Description
6.2 Measurements in air
6.3 Measurements in steel electromagnets
6.4 Measurements in permanent magnets
6.5 Measurements in samples
6.6 Measurement of permeability
7 Ancillary instruments and equipment
7.1 Transducers
7.2 Oscilloscopes
7.3 Analog recorders
7.4 Power supplies
7.5 Bibliography
8 New technology
8.1 Computer-based techniques
8.2 Optical fibres in instrumentation
8.3 Bibliography
Figures
1-1 Ground loop
1-2 Common-mode voltage
1-3 Methods for elimination of adverse effects of
group loops
1-4 (a) Magnetic coupling; (b) Equivalent circuit
showing series-mode voltage
1-5 (a) Capacitive coupling; (b) Equivalent coupling
1-6 (a) Shielding of conductors; (b) Imperfect
shielding caused by finite lead and shield
impedances; (c) Incorrect grounding of shield
2-1 Measurement of high direct voltages
2-2 Measurement of high alternating voltages with a
capacitive divider
2-3 Measurement of high alternating voltages with a
voltage transformer
2-4 Voltmeter calibration with a standard meter
2-5 Voltmeter calibration with a calibrator
2-6 Simple transductor
2-7 Improved transductor
2-8 Transductor with bias winding and amplifier
2-9 Transformer and its equivalent circuit
2-10 Phasor diagrams illustrating terms used with
instrument transformer ratios and deviations
2-11 Transformer connections for measurement of a 3-
phase, 4-wire (circuit)
2-12 Two-stage transformer
2-13 Calibration of voltage transformer
2-14 Calibration of current transformer using
compensated current comparator
3-1 Measurements in single-phase circuits
3-2 Single-phase, 2-phase, or 3-phase, 3-wire circuit
3-3 Connections in 3-phase, 4-wire circuits, wiring
three instruments
3-4 Connections with both voltage and current
transformers in 3-phase, 4-wire circuits using
three instruments
3-5 Connections with both voltage and current
transformers in 3-phase, 3-wire circuits using
two instruments
3-6 Phase angles associated with power measurements
3-7 Stator of electromechanical watthour meter
4-1 Circuit of the moving-vane frequency meter
4-2 Wave meter method of measuring high frequencies
5-1 Method of determining the impedance
5-2 Similar-angled bridge
7-1 Variable autotransformer connections
7-2 AC-controlled loads by means of solid-state
converters
7-3 Block diagram showing the main components of an
AC supply using inverter
7-4 Voltage-current output characteristic of a DC
voltage supply
7-5 Main components in a DC supply
7-6 Ground connections
7-7 Connecting multiple loads to the same source
8-1 Typical data acquisition system configuration
8-2 Typical diskette format showing a single sector
expanded
Tables
1-1 Waveform parameters
6-1 Conversion table for frequently used magnetic
measurements