MIL-I-6868 Revision E:1976
Superseded
Superseded
A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.
INSPECTION PROCESS, MAGNETIC PARTICLE
Available format(s)
PDF
Superseded date
23-07-2013
Publisher
Describes magnetic particle inspection.
DocumentType |
Standard
|
Pages |
25
|
PublisherName |
US Military Specs/Standards/Handbooks
|
Status |
Superseded
|
Standards | Relationship |
SAE AMS 2640 : 1996 | Similar to |
MIL I 6870 : E | INSPECTION PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS NONDESTRUCTIVE FOR AIRCRAFT AND MISSILE MATERIALS AND PARTS |
MIL-F-63428 Base Document:1981 | FEED ASSEMBLY, AMMO FOR ARMAMENT SUBSYSTEM, HELICOPTER, 20MM, M97E1 AND M97E2 |
MIL-W-21157 Revision A:1971 | WELDMENT, STEEL, CARBON AND LOW ALLOY (YIELD STRENGTH 3O,OOO - 6O,OOO PS1) |
MIL-A-83577 Revision B:1988 | ASSEMBLIES, MOVING MECHANICAL, FOR SPACE AND LAUNCH VEHICLES, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-P-60596 Revision B:1990 | PROJECTILE, HE, 8 INCH M106 METAL PARTS ASSEMBLY |
MIL-W-63071 Revision A:1980 | WARHEAD, FOR DEMOLITION KIT, M180 METAL PARTS FOR |
MIL P 64008 : 0 | PROJECTILE, 155MM: XM825 METAL PARTS ASSEMBLY |
MIL-P-50345 Revision F:1994 | PROJECTILES,155MM:M483A1-M718/M741-M692/M731 METAL PARTS ASSEMBLY |
MIL-L-28654 Revision C:1988 | LIFTING, LAUNCHING AND SIDE CARRYING EQUIPMENT FOR PONTOONS ON 1179 CLASS LST VESSELS |
MIL-S-83030 Revision A:1968 | STEEL ALLOY, CARBURIZING, BARS AND BILLETS, STEEL NICKEL-CHROMIUM (3310, 3316, AND 9310), PREMIUM QUALITY |
MIL-L-50794 Base Document:1973 | LINEAR SHAPED CHARGE ASSEMBLY |
NASA KSC SPEC Z 0013 : 1969 | PENETRANT, MAGNETIC PARTICLE AND ULTRASONIC INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR, SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-S-45933 Base Document:1971 | STUD, KEYRING LOCKED, 125 AND 160 KSI FTU, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL P 60584 : A | PROJECTILE, 155MM, SMOKE, WP, M110 METAL PARTS ASSEMBLY |
MIL-Q-45970 Revision A:1975 | QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR WEAPONS AND SUPPORT MATERIAL |
MIL-E-6843 Revision C:1967 | ELECTRODE, WELDING, COVERED, LOW ALLOY STEEL (PRIMARILY FOR AIRCRAFT AND WEAPON APPLICATIONS) |
NASA MSFC STD 1249 : 1985 | NDE GUIDELINES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR FRACTURE CONTROL PROGRAMS |
MIL-W-8611 Revision A:1957 | WELDING, METAL ARC AND GAS STEELS AND CORROSION AND HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS PROCESS FOR |
MIL-R-81841 Base Document:1972 | ROTARY FLAP PEENING OF METAL PARTS |
MIL-STD-1943 Base Document:1985 | WELDING REPAIR OF STEEL CASTINGS (OTHER THAN ARMOR) METAL-ARC, MANUAL |
DOD N 70329 : 0 | NUT, PLAIN, ROUND, BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS, METRIC, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-P-5673 Revision D:1983 | PIN, STRAIGHT HEADED |
MIL-B-8907 Revision A:1983 | BOLT, ALLOY STEEL, SHEAR AND TENSILE (156 KSI FSU AND 260 KSI FTU, 450 DEGREE F) EXTERNAL WRENCHING, FLANGED HEAD |
MIL-U-3963 Revision A:1958 | UNIVERSAL JOINT, ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS |
MIL-STD-1312-9 Revision A:1984 | FASTENER TEST METHODS - METHOD 9, STRESS CORROSION |
MIL BULL 343 : A | DOCUMENTS APPLICABLE TO AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND PROPELLERS, USE OF |
MIL-B-83050 Revision D:1985 | BOLT, SELF RETAINING, IMPEDANCE TYPE |
MIL-S-7839 Revision B:1973 | SCREW, STRUCTURAL, AIRCRAFT |
MIL I 45910 : C | INSERT, SCREW THREAD LOCKED IN & RING LOCKED 1 SERRATED GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-T-81364 Base Document:1966 | T-BOLT, 180,000 PSI TYPE 431 STAINLESS STEEL, MANUFACTURING PROCESS REQUIREMENTS |
DOD-STD-1312-111 Base Document:1984 | FASTENER TEST METHODS, METRIC METHOD 111, TENSION FATIGUE |
MIL-H-8775 Revision D:1976 | HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS, AIRCRAFT AND MISSILES GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-STD-1312-11 Revision A:1984 | FASTENER TEST METHODS, METHOD 11, TENSION AND FATIGUE |
MIL-B-8831 Revision B:1982 | BOLT, 180 KSI FTU AND 180 KSI FSU 450 DEG F PROTRUDING AND FLUSH HEAD, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-W-45595 Revision D:1985 | WASHER, RECESSED, SADDLE AND SHOULDERED METAL |
MIL-N-8984 Base Document:1972 | NUT, SELF-LOCKING, STEEL, 260 KS1 FTU 450 DEGREES F |
MIL-N-8985 Base Document:1972 | NUT, SELF-LOCKING STEEL, 180 KS1 FTU 450 DEGREES F |
MIL-STD-1312-5 Revision A:1984 | FASTENER TEST METHODS, METHOD 5, STRESS DURABILITY |
DOD STD 1312/9 : LATEST | FASTENER TEST METHODS, METRIC, METHOD 9, STRESS CORROSION |
MIL F 5508 : B | FUSE, AIRCRAFT AUTOMATIC QUANTITY MEASURING HYDRAULIC |
MIL-W-63150 Base Document:1977 | WEAPONS AND SUPPORT MATERIAL STANDARD QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS FOR |
DOD-I-63274 Revision A:1983 | INSERT, SCREW THREAD THIN WALL, LOCKED IN, METRIC, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-F-29419 Base Document:1985 | FRAME, SHIPPING [SIXCON] |
MIL-I-45934 Base Document:1971 | INSERT, SCREW THREAD, KEYRING LOCKED, SELF LOCKING AND NON SELF LOCKING, 125, 180, AND 220 KSI FTU: GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL T 38170 : F | TANK, MOBILE STORAGE, LIQUID OXYGEN TMU 27/M |
MIL-A-83469 Base Document:1976 | ADJUSTER, LAP BELT, 1-3/4 INCH WEBBING |
MIL-A-45940 Base Document:1971 | ARMAMENT SUBSYSTEM, HELICOPTER, 7.62 MM MACHINE GUN: DOOR MOUNTED, LIGHT WEIGHT, M24 (LESS M60D MACHINE GUN) |
MIL-S-12515 Revision C:1983 | SURFACE HARDENING, FLAME AND INDUCTION (FOR FERROUS ALLOYS) |
MIL-M-47230 Base Document:1974 | MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION: SOUNDNESS REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS, PARTS, AND WELDMENTS |
MIL-P-60601 Revision B:1981 | PROJECTILE, 105MM, WP, M416 METAL PARTS ASSEMBLY |
MIL-S-8512 Revision D:1974 | SUPPORT EQUIPMENT AERONAUTICAL, SPECIAL, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN OF |
MIL-S-7108 Revision A:1955 | STEEL, ALLOY (MANGANESE SILICON NICKEL) BARS AND FORGING STOCK (AIRCRAFT QUALITY) (ASG) |
MIL-H-8890 Base Document:1961 | HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS, TYPE 111 [65 DEGREES TO PLUS 450 DEGREES F] GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR [ASG] |
MIL-P-8564 Revision D:1970 | PNEUMATIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS, AERONAUTICAL, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR [ASG] |
MIL R 46259 : A NOTICE 1 | ROCKET MOTOR, M3A2 PARTS FOR |
SAE MA 2005 : 2015 | TUBE FITTINGS, AEROSPACE FLUID SYSTEMS, SEPARABLE, FOR 24 DEGREE CONE, GENERAL SPECIFICATION, METRIC |
MIL-V-5527 Revision A:1951 | VALVE, AIRCRAFT, HYDRAULIC THERMAL EXPANSION RELIEF |
SAE AMS R 81841 : 2001 | ROTARY FLAP PEENING OF METAL PARTS |
MIL-P-50398 Base Document:1979 | PROJECTILE, 165MM, TP M624, METAL PARTS |
DOD-N-70333 Base Document:1985 | NUT, PLAIN AND SELF-LOCKING, CLINCH, METRIC (SELF-CLINCHING, KNURLED COLLAR) FIXED AND FLOATING, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
DOD P 63245 : A (2) | PROJECTILE, HE, 155MM, XM795 METAL PARTS ASSEMBLY |
MIL-F-50877 Base Document:1971 | FIN & CLOSURE ASSEMBLY FOR ROCKET MOTOR 2.75 INCH SR 105 PARTS OF |
MIL-P-45971 Base Document:1975 | PRODUCT ENGINEERING QUALITY ENGINEERING SYSTEM (PEQES) FOR WEAPONS AND SUPPORT MATERIAL |
MIL-STD-1252 Base Document:1975 | INERTIA FRICTION WELDING PROCESS, PROCEDURE AND PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION |
MIL-P-81985 Base Document:1974 | PEENING OF METALS |
MIL-H-85042 Revision A:1983 | HOOKS, BOMB RACK, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
NASA KSC SPEC Z 0001 : 1975 | SPECIFICATION FOR PIPE, 36% NICKEL, IRON-BASE (INVAR 36) |
MIL-S-81054 Revision A:1976 | STEEL, BARS AND FORGINGS, CHROMIUM NICKEL MOLYBDENUM VANADIUM (FOR TORPEDO MK 46 MOD O) |
MIL-H-53062 Base Document:1986 | HOSE ASSEMBLY, RUBBER LIGHTWEIGHT, COLLAPSIBLE 6 INCH; FOR POL SERVICE |
MIL-G-10944 Revision B:1965 | GAGE, DIMENSIONAL CONTROL |
MIL-B-45457 Revision A:1969 | BOMB, FIRE,750-POUND, M116A2 (W/O FUZE COMPONENTS AND FILLING) |
MIL-S-58112 Base Document:1989 | SLING, MULTI LEG, HELICOPTER, EXTERNAL CARGO |
MIL-S-6049 Revision A:1967 | STEEL, CHROME NICKEL MOLYBDENUM [8740] BARS, RODS AND FORGING STOCK FOR AIRCRAFT APPLICATION |
MIL T 6735 : A | TUBING, CHROME-MOLYBDENUM, 4135 STEEL, SEAMLESS AIRCRAFT QUALITY |
SAE AMS P 81985 : 2001 | PEENING OF METALS |
SAE AMS S 7108 : 2016 | STEEL, ALLOY (MANGANESE-SILICON-NICKEL), BARS AND FORGING STOCK (AIRCRAFT QUALITY) |
SAE AS 39631 : 1999 | UNIVERSAL JOINT, ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS |
SAE AMS S 6098 : 1999 | STEEL, CHROME-NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM (8735) BARS AND REFORGING STOCK (AIRCRAFT QUALITY) |
MIL-R-5632 Revision B:1972 | ROD, AND WIRE, STEEL WELDING [FOR AIRCRAFT] |
SAE AMS T 5066 : 2015 | TUBING, CARBON STEEL (1025), (AIRCRAFT QUALITY) |
MIL S 18728 : D | STEEL PLATE, SHEET, AND STRIP, ALLOY, 8630, AIRCRAFT QUALITY |
MIL-T-5684 Revision B:1981 | TIE RODS; ROUND AND SQUARE, AIRCRAFT |
DOD-S-63275 Revision A:1982 | STUD, SCREW THREAD, LOCKED IN, RING LOCKED, SERRATED, METRIC AND RING LOCK SERRATED METRIC, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-B-8948 Revision A:1972 | Bearing, Plain, Rod End, TFE Lined, Self-Aligning |
MIL-S-6050 Revision A:1967 | Steel, Chrome-Nickel-Molybdenum (8630) Bars and Reforging Stock (Aircraft Quality) |
MIL-S-5000 Revision E:1982 | STEEL, CHROME-NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM (4340) BARS AND REFORGING STOCK |
MIL-P-14825 Revision A:1972 | PROJECTILE, 152MM, HEAT, M409 METAL PARTS, LESS FLUTED LINER |
MIL-R-8573 Revision A:1957 | RESERVOIRS, AIR, NONSHATTERABLE STEEL |
MIL-B-87167 Base Document:1985 | BELT, AIRCRAFT SAFETY, HBU-12/A |
MIL-N-58106 Base Document:1982 | NET, HELICOPTER CARGO CARRYING EXTERNAL 5,000 AND 10,000 POUND CAPACITIES |
GGG-B-440 Revision B:1964 | Blade, Circular Saw, Woodcutting |
MIL-R-85363 Base Document:1981 | Rocket Motor Mark 23 Mods 2 & 3 |
MIL-S-8503 Revision B:1978 | STEEL BARS, CHROME-VANADIUM (6150) AIRCRAFT QUALITY |
MIL-S-6098 Revision A:1967 | STEEL, CHROME-NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM [8735] BARS AND REFORGING STOCK [AIRCRAFT] |
MIL-I-46175 Revision A:1983 | |
MIL-P-83126 Revision A:1980 | PROPULSION SYSTEMS, AIRCREW ESCAPE, DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-W-48274 Base Document:1974 | WARHEAD SECTION, GM, TRAINING, XM201 PARTS AND ASSEMBLING |
MIL-S-48405 Base Document:1973 | Shielded and Confined Mild Detonating Cord Assemblies |
MIL-S-38399 Revision A:1975 | STARTER, PNEUMATIC, AIRCRAFT ENGINE GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL A 8897 : A | ACCUMULATORS, HYDRAULIC CYLINDRICAL, 3,000 PSI AIRCRAFT TYPE 11 SYSTEMS |
MIL-R-50754 Base Document:1996 | ROCKET MOTOR XM119 METAL PARTS ASSEMBLY |
MIL-D-63516 Base Document:1981 | DRIVE ASSEMBLY, GUN FOR ARMAMENT SUBSYSTEM, HELICOPTER, 20MM, M97E1 AND M97E2 |
MIL-P-48323 Revision C:1984 | PROJECTILE, 8 INCH, HE, RA, M650 ROCKET MOTOR BODY ASSEMBLY |
DOD-W-63474 Revision B:1994 | WASHERS, SPRING TENSION, METRIC, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
DOD-I-63276 Revision A:1983 | INSERT, SCREW THREAD, LOCKED IN, RING LOCKED, SERRATED, METRIC AND RING LOCK SERRATED METRIC |
MIL-A-45941 Base Document:1971 | ARMAMENT SUBSYSTEM, HELICOPTER, 7.62 MM MACHINE GUN: DOOR MOUNTED, LIGHT WEIGHT, M23 (LESS M60D MACHINE GUN) |
MIL-W-48271 Revision A:1984 | WARHEAD METAL PARTS ASSEMBLY M251 PARTS AND ASSEMBLING |
MIL-S-7470 Revision A:1975 | SHAFT, POWER TRANSMISSION, AIRCRAFT ACCESSORY, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-S-63348 Revision A:1981 | SUBMACHINE GUN, 5.56MM, PORT FIRING, M231 |
MIL-S-29398 Revision C:1984 | SLING SYSTEM, HELICOPTER EXTERNAL CARGO 40,000 POUND CAPACITY |
MIL-W-48866 Revision A:1980 | WARHEAD SECTION, GM, PRACTICE LIGHTWEIGHT, M252 AND SHIPPING AND STORAGE CONTAINER, XM612, SPARE PARTS FOR |
MIL-S-63429 Base Document:1981 | SLIDER ASSEMBLY FOR ARMAMENT SUBSYSTEM, HELICOPTER 20MM, M97E1 AND M97E2 |
MIL W 12133 : D | WASHER, SPRING TENSION GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-S-8690 Revision B:1978 | STEEL, CHROME NICKEL MOLYBDENUM 8620, BARS AIRCRAFT QUALITY |
MIL-M-29417 Base Document:1984 | MODULE, FUEL PUMP [SIXCON] |
MIL-A-45947 Base Document:1972 | ARMAMENT SUBSYSTEM, HELICOPTER, 7.62 MM MACHINE GUN: RAMP MOUNTED, LIGHT WEIGHT, M41 (LESS M60D MACHINE GUN) |
MIL-B-85107 Revision B:1988 | BEARING, SPIN (SIDEWINDER) |
MIL-E-8697 Revision E:1972 | ELECTRODE, WELDING, COVERED LOW HYDROGEN HEAT TREATABLE STEEL |
MIL-H-21594 Revision C:1986 | Hookpoint, Aircraft Arresting |
MIL I 45916 : B | INSERT,SCREW THREAD - THREAD CUTTING AND THREAD FORMING |
MIL-M-29460 Base Document:1990 | MODULE, WATER PUMP (SIXCON) |
MIL-T-6736 Revision B:1965 | TUBING, CHROME MOLYBDENUM 4130 STEEL, SEAMLESS, AIRCRAFT QUALITY [ASG] |
DOD-N-63548 Base Document:1982 | NUT, PLAIN, HEXAGON, WHEEL MOUNTING, METRIC, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL-S-6709 Revision A:1965 | STEEL, CHROME-MOLYBDENUM-ALUMINUM; BARS, RODS, BILLETS AND FORGING STOCK (FOR NITRIDING) (AIRCRAFT QUALITY) |
MIL-I-83387 Revision A:1982 | INSPECTION PROCESS, MAGNETIC RUBBER |
MIL B 51322 : NOTICE 1 | BOMB, FIRE, 500 POUND BLU-11/B |
WW-T-696 Revision E:1984 | TRAPS, STEAM |
MIL W 46132 : NOTICE 4 | WELDING, FUSION, ELECTRON BEAM, PROCESS FOR |
MIL R 5149 : B | ROCKET ENGINE, LIQUID PROPELLANT GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR |
MIL R 25532 : A | ROCKET MOTOR, AERONAUTICAL, QUALIFICATION TEST FOR |
MIL-A-63425 Base Document:1981 | ADAPTOR, RECOIL MECHANISM ARMAMENT SUBSYSTEM, HELICOPTER, 20 MM: M97E1 AND M97E2 |
MIL-S-8699 Revision A:1957 | STEEL BARS AND FORGING STOCK [4330] VANADIUM MODIFIED, AIRCRAFT QUALITY |
MIL-S-7420 Revision B:1958 | STEEL BARS, ALLOY, CHROMIUM HIGH CARBON E 52100 [AIRCRAFT QUALITY] |
NASM1312-11:2017 | FASTENER TEST METHODS METHOD 11 TENSION FATIGUE |
MIL-P-50569 Revision C:1982 | PROJECTILE, 155MM, HE, ROCKET ASSISTED M549 SERIES, MOTOR BODY BONDING ASSEMBLY FOR |
DOD-N-63476 Base Document:1981 | NUT, PLAIN, WELDING, GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR, METRIC |
DOD-STD-35-126 Base Document:1978 | AUTOMATED ENGINEERING DOCUMENT PREPARATION SYSTEM, CYLINDERS, ACTUATING, LINEAR |
MIL F 38635 : D | FIN ASSEMBLY, BOMB, MAU-91A/B AND MAU-91B/B |
DOD STD 1312/11 : LATEST | FASTENER, TEST METHODS METRIC, METHOD 11, TENSION FATIGUE (S/S BY DOD STD 1312-111) |
SAE AMS S 6050 : 1998 | STEEL, CHROME-NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM (8630) BARS AND REFORGING STOCK (AIRCRAFT QUALITY) |
VV K 220 : LATEST | KEROSENE, WATER-WHITE, DEODORIZED (FOR USE IN INSECTISIDES) |
SAE AMS 3040 : 2014 | MAGNETIC PARTICLES, NONFLUORESCENT, DRY METHOD |
SAE AMS 3045 : 2014 | MAGNETIC PARTICLES, FLUORESCENT, WET METHOD, OIL VEHICLE, READY-TO-USE |
MIL-STD-410 Revision E:1991 | NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION (EDDY CURRENT, LIQUID PENETRANT, MAGNETIC PARTICLE, RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC) |
SAE AMS 3042 : 2014 | MAGNETIC PARTICLES, NONFLUORESCENT, WET METHOD, DRY POWDER |
SAE AMS 3043 : 2014 | MAGNETIC PARTICLES, NONFLUORESCENT, WET METHOD, OIL VEHICLE, AEROSOL PACKAGED |
AWS A2.2 : LATEST | REPLACED |
SAE AMS 2301 : 2015 | STEEL CLEANLINESS, AIRCRAFT QUALITY MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION PROCEDURE |
SAE AMS 3041 : 2014 | MAGNETIC PARTICLES, NONFLUORESCENT, WET METHOD, OIL VEHICLE, READY-TO-USE |
SAE AMS 3044G : 2014 | MAGNETIC PARTICLES, FLUORESCENT, WET METHOD, DRY POWDER |
MIL I 6870 : E | INSPECTION PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS NONDESTRUCTIVE FOR AIRCRAFT AND MISSILE MATERIALS AND PARTS |
SAE AMS 2303 : 2016 | STEEL CLEANLINESS, AIRCRAFT QUALITY, MARTENSITIC CORROSION-RESISTANT STEELS, MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION PROCEDURE |
MIL C 45662 : 0 | CALIBRATION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS |
MIL-L-9909 Revision A:1985 | LIGHT, ULTRAVIOLET, METALS EXAMINING |
SAE AMS 2300 L : 2015 | STEEL CLEANLINESS, PREMIUM AIRCRAFT-QUALITY MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION PROCEDURE |
MIL-M-6867 Revision C:1969 | MAGNETIC INSPECTION UNITS |
SAE AMS 3046 : 2014 | MAGNETIC PARTICLES, FLUORESCENT, WET METHOD, OIL VEHICLE, AEROSOL PACKAGED |
€18.66
Excluding VAT
EUR
CAD
CHF
CNY
DKK
EUR
GBP
HKD
IDR
INR
JPY
KRW
MXN
NOK
NZD
SEK
SGD
USD
ZAR
PDF - English
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Please Login or Create an Account so you can add users to your Multi user PDF Later.
Important note : Users cannot be edited or removed once added to your Multi user PDF.
Access your standards online with a subscription
Features
-
Simple online access to standards, technical information and regulations.
-
Critical updates of standards and customisable alerts and notifications.
-
Multi-user online standards collection: secure, flexible and cost effective.