1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Application considerations
4.1 General
4.2 Corrosive areas
4.3 Process temperature accuracy
4.4 Installation considerations
5 Thermal insulation
5.1 General
5.2 Selection of insulating material
5.3 Selection of weather barrier (cladding)
5.4 Selection of economical thickness
5.5 Double insulation
6 System design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Purpose of, and major requirement for, trace heating
6.3 Heat loss calculations
6.4 Heat-up considerations
6.5 Heat-loss design safety factor
6.6 Selection of trace heater
6.7 Maximum temperature determination
6.8 Design information
6.9 Power system
6.10 Start-up at low ambient temperatures
6.11 Long trace heater runs
6.12 Flow pattern analysis
6.13 Dead-leg control technique
6.14 Chimney effect
7 Control and monitoring
7.1 General
7.2 Mechanical controllers
7.3 Electronic controllers
7.4 Application suitability
7.5 Location of controllers
7.6 Location of sensors
7.7 Alarm considerations
8 Recommendations for installation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Preparatory work
8.3 Installation of trace heating circuits
8.4 Installation of control and monitoring equipment
8.5 Installation of thermal insulation system
8.6 Installation of distribution wiring and coordination
with branch circuits
8.7 Commissioning
9 Maintenance
9.1 General
9.2 Fault location
9.3 Fault rectification
10 Repairs
10.1 General
10.2 Practicability of repair to electric trace heaters
10.3 Repair techniques for electrical trace heaters
10.4 Earthing
10.5 Testing
Annex ZA (normative) - Normative references to international
publications with their corresponding European
publications