PD ISO/TR 11225:2012

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 1986
5 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 2008
6 ISO reference atmospheres for aerospace use, 1982
7 ISO standard atmosphere, 1975
8 NASA/GSFC monthly mean global climatology of
   temperature, wind, geopotential height and
   pressure for 0-120 KM, 1988
9 NASA/MSFC global reference atmosphere model
   (GRAM-99), 1999
10 NASA/MSFC Earth global reference atmosphere
   model (Earth GRAM-07), 2007
11 US standard atmosphere, 1962
12 US standard atmosphere supplements, 1966
13 US standard atmosphere, 1976
14 International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), 2007
15 Exopheric hydrogen model, 1994
16 SHARC/SAMM atmosphere generator, SAG-2 (0-300 KM)
17 Proposed international tropical reference atmosphere,
   1987
18 Referenced atmosphere for Indian equatorial zone
   from surface to 80 km, 1985
19 Reference model of the middle atmosphere of the
   southern hemisphere, 1987
20 China national standard atmosphere, 1980
21 ISO middle atmosphere - global model at altitudes
   between 30 km and 120 km, and wind model
   at altitudes above 30 km, 1996
22 A new reference middle atmosphere program
   model atmosphere, 1985
23 AFGL atmospheric constituent profiles (0-120 km), 1986
24 AFGL extreme envelopes of climatic elements
   up to 80 km, 1973
25 AFGL profiles of temperature and density based on
   1- and 10-percent extremes in the stratosphere
   and troposphere, 1984
26 AFGL global reference atmosphere from 18 to 80 km, 1985
27 Extensions to the CIRA reference models for middle
   atmosphere ozone, 1993
28 Update to the stratospheric nitric acid reference
   atmosphere, 1998
29 Reference atmosphere for the atomic sodium layer
   (CIRA 2008)
30 Drag temperature model (DTM)-2000, thermospheric
   model, 2001
31 Earth's upper atmosphere density model for
   ballistics support of flights of artificial
   Earth satellites, 1985
32 Russian Earth's upper atmosphere density model for
   ballistic support of the flight of artificial
   Earth satellites, 2004
33 Jacchia J70 static models of the thermosphere and
   exosphere with empirical temperature profiles, 1970
34 Jacchia J71 revised static models of the thermosphere
   and exosphere with empirical temperature profiles, 1971
35 Jacchia J77 thermospheric temperature, density
   and composition: new models, 1977
36 Jacchia-Bowman 2006 (JB2006) empirical
   thermospheric density model
37 Jacchia-Bowman 2008 (JB2008) empirical
   thermospheric density model
38 NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere
   model, version 2.0 (MET-V2.0), 2002
39 NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere
   model version 2007 (MET-2007), 2007
40 AFGL model of atmospheric structure, 70 to 130 km, 1987
41 NRLMSISE-00 thermospheric model, 2000
42 US Air Force high accuracy satellite drag model
   (HASDM), 2004
43 Russian direct density correction method (DDCM)
   for computing near-real time corrections to an
   arbitrary Earth upper atmosphere density model,
   and for estimating the errors in an arbitrary Earth
   upper atmosphere density model, 2007
44 Horizontal wind model (HWM), 1993
45 Twenty-two range reference atmospheres, 2006
46 Reference atmosphere for Edwards Air Force
   Base, California, annual, 1975
47 Hot and cold reference atmospheres for
   Edwards Air Force Base, California, annual, 1975
48 Hot and cold reference atmospheres for Kennedy
   Space Center, Florida, annual, 1971
49 Reference atmosphere for Patrick Air Force
   Base, Florida, annual, 1963
50 Reference atmosphere for Vandenberg Air Force
   Base, California, annual, 1971
51 Hot and cold reference atmosphere for Vandenberg
   Air Force Base, California, annual, 1973
52 NASA/MSFC Mars global reference atmospheric
   model (MARS-GRAM), 2001
53 NASA/MSFC Neptune global reference atmosphere
   model (NEPTUNE-GRAM), 2003
54 NASA/MSFC Titan global reference atmosphere
   model (TITAN-GRAM), 2003
55 NASA/MSFC Venus global reference atmosphere
   model (Venus-GRAM), 2003
56 Venus international reference atmosphere
   (VIRA) structure and composition, surface to
   3500 km, 1985
57 Mars climate database (MCD), 2008
58 Extra-terrestrial space environment: a reference
   chart, 2007
Annex A (informative) - Glossary of acronyms

Specifies guidelines for selected reference and standard atmospheric models for use in engineering design or scientific research.

This Technical Report provides guidelines for selected reference and standard atmospheric models for use in engineering design or scientific research. It describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, databases from which the models are formed, publication references, and sources of computer code where available for over seventy (70) Earth and planetary atmospheric models, for altitudes from surface to 4000 kilometers, which are generally recognized in the aerospace sciences. This standard is intended to assist aircraft and space vehicle designers and developers, geophysicists, meteorologists, and climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different atmospheric models.

This Technical Report summarizes the principal features of the models to the extent the information is available:

• Model content

• Model uncertainties and limitations

• Basis of the model

• Publication references

• Dates of development, authors and sponsors

• Model codes and sources

The models are listed in the table of contents according to whether they are primarily global, middle atmosphere, thermosphere, range, or regional (i.e., applying only to a specific geographic location). This division is admittedly somewhat arbitrary because many of the models embody elements of several of the categories listed.

With few exceptions, there is no information on standard deviations from the mean values or frequencies of occurrence of the variables described by these models. This lack of information prohibits quantitative assessments of uncertainties, and is a serious deficiency in nearly all reference and standard atmospheric models.

Recommendations for models to include in subsequent revisions will be welcomed.