SYMBOLS
GLOSSARY
SPECIFICATION
A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
A1. Scope
A2. Types of Construction
A3. Material
1. Structural Steel
2. Steel Castings and Forgings
3. Bolts, Washers, and Nuts
4. Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods
5. Filler Metal and Flux for Welding
6. Stud Shear Connectors
A4. Loads and Load Combinations
A5. Design Basis
1. Required Strength at Factored Loads
2. Limit States
3. Design for Strength
4. Design for Serviceability and Other Considerations
A6. Referenced Codes and Standards
A7. Design Documents
B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B1. Gross Area
B2. Net Area
B3. Effective Area of Tension Members
B4. Stability
B5. Local Buckling
1. Classification of Steel Sections
2. Design by Plastic Analysis
3. Slender-Element Compression Sections
B6. Bracing at Supports
B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios
B8. Simple Spans
B9. End Restraint
B10. Proportions of Beams and Girders
C. FRAMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES
C1. Second Order Effects
1. Design by Plastic Analysis
2. Design by Elastic Analysis
C2. Frame Stability
1. Braced Frames
2. Unbraced Frames
C3. Stability Bracing
1. Scope
2. Frames
3. Columns
4. Beams
D. TENSION MEMBERS
D1. Design Tensile Strength
D2. Built-Up Members
D3. Pin-Connected Members and Eyebars
1. Pin-Connected Members
2. Eyebars
E. COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations
1. Effective Length
2. Design by Plastic Analysis
E2. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling
E4. Built-Up Members
1. Design Strength
2. Detailing Requirements
E5. Connections for Pin-Connected Compression Members
F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS
F1. Design for Flexure
1. Yielding
2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling
3. Design by Plastic Analysis
F2. Design for Shear
1. Web Area Determination
2. Design Shear Strength
3. Transverse Stiffeners
F3. Web-Tapered Members
F4. Beams and Girders with Web Openings
G. PLATE GIRDERS
H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
H1. Symmetric Members Subject to Bending and Axial Force
1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension
2. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and
Compression
H2. Unsymmetric Members and Members Under Torsion and
Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear, and/or Axial Force
H3. Alternative Interaction Equations for Members Under Combined
Stress (see Appendix H3)
I. COMPOSITE MEMBERS
I1. Design Assumptions and Definitions
I2. Compression Members
1. Limitations
2. Design Strength
3. Columns with Multiple Steel Shapes
4. Load Transfer
I3. Flexural Members
1. Effective Width
2. Design Strength of Beams with Shear Connectors
3. Design Strength of Concrete-Encased Beams
4. Strength During Construction
5. Formed Steel Deck
6. Design Shear Strength
I4. Combined Compression and Flexure
I5. Shear Connectors
1. Materials
2. Horizontal Shear Force
3. Strength of Stud Shear Connectors
4. Strength of Channel Shear Connectors
5. Required Number of Shear Connectors
6. Shear Connector Placement and Spacing
I6. Special Cases
J. CONNECTIONS, JOINTS, AND FASTENERS
J1. General Provisions
1. Design Basis
2. Simple Connections
3. Moment Connections
4. Compression Members with Bearing Joints
5. Splices in Heavy Sections
6. Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes
7. Minimum Strength of Connections
8. Placement of Welds and Bolts
9. Bolts in Combination with Welds
10. High-Strength Bolts in Combination with Rivets
11. Limitations on Bolted and Welded Connections
J2. Welds
1. Groove Welds
2. Fillet Welds
3. Plug and Slot Welds
4. Design Strength
5. Combination of Welds
6. Weld Metal Requirements
7. Mixed Weld Metal
8. Preheat for Heavy Shapes
J3. Bolts and Threaded Parts
1. High-Strength Bolts
2. Size and Use of Holes
3. Minimum Spacing
4. Minimum Edge Distance
5. Maximum Spacing and Edge Distance
6. Design Tension or Shear Strength
7. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections
8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections
9. Combined Tension and Shear in Slip-Critical Connections
10. Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
11. Long Grips
J4. Design Rupture Strength
1. Shear Rupture Strength
2. Tension Rupture Strength
3. Block Shear Rupture Strength
J5. Connecting Elements
1. Eccentric Connections
2. Design Strength of Connecting Elements in Tension
3. Other Connecting Elements
J6. Fillers
J7. Splices
J8. Bearing Strength
J9. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete
J10. Anchor Rods and Embedments
K. CONCENTRATED FORCES, PONDING, AND FATIGUE
K1. Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces
1. Design Basis
2. Flange Local Bending
3. Web Local Yielding
4. Web Crippling
5. Web Sidesway Buckling
6. Web Compression Buckling
7. Web Panel-Zone Shear
8. Unframed Ends of Beams and Girders
9. Additional Stiffener Requirements for Concentrated Forces
10. Additional Doubler Plate Requirements for Concentrated Forces
K2. Ponding
K3. Design for Cyclic Loading (Fatigue)
L. SERVICEABILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
L1. Camber
L2. Expansion and Contraction
L3. Deflections, Vibration, and Drift
1. Deflections
2. Floor Vibration
3. Drift
L4. Connection Slip
L5. Corrosion
M. FABRICATION, ERECTION, AND QUALITY CONTROL
M1. Shop Drawings
M2. Fabrication
1. Cambering, Curving, and Straightening
2. Thermal Cutting
3. Planing of Edges
4. Welded Construction
5. Bolted Construction
6. Compression Joints
7. Dimensional Tolerances
8. Finish of Column Bases
M3. Shop Painting
1. General Requirements
2. Inaccessible Surfaces
3. Contact Surfaces
4. Finished Surfaces
5. Surfaces Adjacent to Field Welds
M4. Erection
1. Alignment of Column Bases
2. Bracing
3. Alignment
4. Fit of Column Compression Joints and Base Plates
5. Field Welding
6. Field Painting
7. Field Connections
M5. Quality Control
1. Cooperation
2. Rejections
3. Inspection of Welding
4. Inspection of Slip-Critical High-Strength Bolted Connections
5. Identification of Steel
N. EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
N1. General Provisions
N2. Material Properties
1. Determination of Required Tests
2. Tensile Properties
3. Chemical Composition
4. Base Metal Notch Toughness
5. Weld Metal
6. Bolts and Rivets
N3. Evaluation by Structural Analysis
1. Dimensional Data
2. Strength Evaluation
3. Serviceability Evaluation
N4. Evaluation by Load Tests
1. Determination of Live Load Rating by Testing
2. Serviceability Evaluation
N5. Evaluation Report
APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B5. Local Buckling
1. Classification of Steel Sections
3. Slender-Element Compression Sections
APPENDIX E. COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling
APPENDIX F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS
F1. Design for Flexure
F2. Design for Shear
2. Design Shear Strength
3. Transverse Stiffeners
F3. Web-Tapered Members
1. General Requirements
2. Design Tensile Strength
3. Design Compressive Strength
4. Design Flexural Strength
5. Design Shear Strength
6. Combined Flexure and Axial Force
APPENDIX G. PLATE GIRDERS
G1. Limitations
G2. Design Flexural Strength
G3. Design Shear Strength
G4. Transverse Stiffeners
G5. Flexure-Shear Interaction
APPENDIX H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES AND
TORSION
H3. Alternative Interaction Equations for Members Under
Combined Stress
APPENDIX J. CONNECTIONS, JOINTS, AND FASTENERS
J2. Welds
4. Design Strength
J3. Bolts and Threaded Parts
7. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections
8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections
9. Combined Tension and Shear in Slip-Critical Connections
APPENDIX K. CONCENTRATED FORCES, PONDING, AND FATIGUE
K2. Ponding
K3. Design for Cyclic Loading (Fatigue)
1. General
2. Calculation of Maximum Stresses and Stress Ranges
3. Design Stress Range
4. Bolts and Threaded Parts
5. Special Fabrication and Erection Requirements
NUMERICAL VALUES
COMMENTARY
INTRODUCTION
A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
A1. Scope
A2. Types of Construction
A3. Material
1. Structural Steel
3. Bolts, Washers, and Nuts
4. Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods
5. Filler Metal and Flux for Welding
A4. Loads and Load Combinations
A5. Design Basis
1. Required Strength at Factored Loads
2. Limit States
3. Design for Strength
4. Design for Serviceability and Other Considerations
B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B2. Net Area
B3. Effective Area of Tension Members
B5. Local Buckling
B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios
C. FRAMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES
C1. Second Order Effects
C2. Frame Stability
C3. Stability Bracing
1. Scope
3. Columns
4. Beams
D. TENSION MEMBERS
D1. Design Tensile Strength
D2. Built-Up Members
D3. Pin-Connected Members and Eyebars
E. COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations
1. Effective Length
2. Design by Plastic Analysis
E2. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling
E4. Built-Up Members
F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS
F1. Design for Flexure
1. Yielding
2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling
3. Design by Plastic Analysis
F2. Design for Shear
F4. Beams and Girders with Web Openings
H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
H1. Symmetric Members Subject to Bending and Axial Force
H2. Unsymmetric Members and Members Under Torsion and
Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear, and/or Axial Force
I. COMPOSITE MEMBERS
I1. Design Assumptions and Definitions
I2. Compression Members
1. Limitations
2. Design Strength
3. Columns with Multiple Steel Shapes
4. Load Transfer
I3. Flexural Members
1. Effective Width
2. Design Strength of Beams with Shear Connectors
3. Design Strength of Concrete-Encased Beams
4. Strength During Construction
5. Formed Steel Deck
6. Design Shear Strength
I4. Combined Compression and Flexure
I5. Shear Connectors
1. Materials
2. Horizontal Shear Force
3. Strength of Stud Shear Connectors
4. Strength of Channel Shear Connectors
6. Shear Connector Placement and Spacing
I6. Special Cases
J. CONNECTIONS, JOINTS, AND FASTENERS
J1. General Provisions
5. Splices in Heavy Sections
8. Placement of Welds and Bolts
9. Bolts in Combination with Welds
10. High-Strength Bolts in Combination with Rivets
J2. Welds
1. Groove Welds
2. Fillet Welds
4. Design Strength
5. Combination of Welds
6. Weld Metal Requirements
7. Mixed Weld Metal
J3. Bolts and Threaded Parts
1. High-Strength Bolts
2. Size and Use of Holes
3. Minimum Spacing
4. Minimum Edge Distance
5. Maximum Spacing and Edge Distance
6. Design Tension or Shear Strength
7. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections
8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections
10. Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
11. Long Grips
J4. Design Rupture Strength
J5. Connecting Elements
2. Design Strength of Connecting Elements in Tension
J6. Fillers
J8. Bearing Strength
J9. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete
K. CONCENTRATED FORCES, PONDING, AND FATIGUE
K1. Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces
1. Design Basis
2. Flange Local Bending
3. Web Local Yielding
4. Web Crippling
5. Web Sidesway Buckling
6. Web Compression Buckling
7. Web Panel-Zone Shear
K2. Ponding
L. SERVICEABILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
L1. Camber
L2. Expansion and Contraction
L3. Deflections, Vibration, and Drift
1. Deflections
2. Floor Vibration
3. Drift
L5. Corrosion
M. FABRICATION, ERECTION, AND QUALITY CONTROL
M2. Fabrication
1. Cambering, Curving, and Straightening
2. Thermal Cutting
5. Bolted Construction
M3. Shop Painting
5. Surfaces Adjacent to Field Welds
M4. Erection
2. Bracing
4. Fit of Column Compression Joints and Base Plates
5. Field Welding
N. EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
N1. General Provisions
N2. Material Properties
1. Determination of Required Tests
2. Tensile Properties
4. Base Metal Notch Toughness
5. Weld Metal
6. Bolts and Rivets
N3. Evaluation by Structural Analysis
2. Strength Evaluation
N4. Evaluation by Load Tests
1. Determination of Live Load Rating by Testing
2. Serviceability Evaluation
N5. Evaluation Report
APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B5. Local Buckling
1. Classification of Steel Sections
APPENDIX E. COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling
APPENDIX F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS
F1. Design for Flexure
F3. Web-Tapered Members
1. General Requirements
3. Design Compressive Strength
4. Design Flexural Strength
APPENDIX G. PLATE GIRDERS
G2. Design Flexural Strength
APPENDIX H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES AND
TORSION
H3. Alternative Interaction Equations for Members Under Combined
Stress
APPENDIX J. CONNECTIONS, JOINTS, AND FASTENERS
J2. Welds
4. Design Strength
APPENDIX K. CONCENTRATED FORCES, PONDING, AND FATIGUE
K3. Design for Cyclic Loading (Fatigue)
REFERENCES
SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY