AS 2177.1-1994

1 - AS 2177.1-1994 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING - RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDED BUTT JOINTS IN METAL - METHODS OF TEST
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - FOREWORD
8 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
8 - 1.1 SCOPE
8 - 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
8 - 1.3 DEFINITIONS
8 - 1.4 TEST METHOD DESIGNATION
9 - 1.5 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
9 - 1.6 QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL
10 - SECTION 2 EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
10 - 2.1 GENERAL
10 - 2.2 X-RAY EQUIPMENT
10 - 2.3 GAMMA-RAY SOURCES
10 - 2.4 INTENSIFYING SCREENS
10 - 2.4.1 General
11 - 2.4.2 Thickness of intensifying screens
11 - 2.5 CASSETTES
11 - 2.6 FILTERS
11 - 2.7 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS
12 - 2.8 FILMS
12 - 2.9 FILM PROCESSING FACILITIES
12 - 2.9.1 General
12 - 2.9.2 Automatic processing
12 - 2.9.3 Manual processing
12 - 2.10 VIEWING FACILITIES
13 - SECTION 3 TEST METHOD REQUIREMENTS
13 - 3.1 GENERAL
13 - 3.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
13 - 3.3 PLACEMENT OF IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS
14 - 3.4 GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS
14 - 3.5 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
14 - 3.6 FILM COVERAGE
14 - 3.6.1 Maximum diagnostic film length
14 - 3.6.2 Width of film
18 - 3.6.3 Film overlap
18 - 3.7 BACK-SCATTER PROTECTION
18 - 3.8 RADIOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION
18 - 3.8.1 General
19 - 3.9 RECOMMENDED TUBE VOLTAGES
19 - 3.10 FILM LOCATION
19 - 3.10.1 Object-to-film distance
20 - 3.10.2 Source-to-film distance
20 - 3.11 MASKING
20 - 3.12 RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS
20 - 3.12.1 Testing of welds in flat surfaces and longitudinal welds in curved surfaces
20 - 3.12.2 Testing of circumferential welds in curved surfaces
22 - 3.13 PROCESSING OF RADIOGRAPHS
22 - 3.14 VIEWING OF RADIOGRAPHS
22 - 3.14.1 General
22 - 3.14.2 Eye adaptation
23 - 3.14.3 Viewing record
23 - 3.14.4 Assessment
23 - 3.15 STORAGE OF RADIOGRAPHS
24 - SECTION 4 PRESENTATION OF TEST DATA
24 - 4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
24 - 4.2 RECORD OF TEST
24 - 4.3 TEST REPORT
26 - APPENDIX A - PURCHASING GUIDELINES
26 - A1 GENERAL
26 - A2 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE PURCHASER
28 - APPENDIX B - GUIDANCE FOR THE USE OF THIS STANDARD
28 - B1 GENERAL
28 - B2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY RADIOGRAPHS
28 - B3 THE EFFECT OF X- RAY TUBE VOLTAGE
29 - B4 SELECTION OF RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
30 - B5 EFFECT OF VARIABLES ON RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST
30 - B6 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST SCATTERED RADIATION
30 - B6.1 General
30 - B6.2 Procedures to reduce scatter
32 - B7 EFFECTS OF SURFACE FINISH
33 - B8 FILM DENSITY AND SCREENS
33 - B8.1 Film density
34 - B8.2 Fluorometallic screens
35 - B9 VIEWING OF WET RADIOGRAPHS
35 - B10 FACTORS CONTROLLING SOURCE-TO-FILM DISTANCE
35 - B10.1 General
35 - B10.2 Inherent unsharpness
36 - B10.3 Geometric unsharpness
37 - B10.4 Total unsharpness
37 - B10.5 Relationship between types of unsharpness
38 - B11 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQIs)
38 - B11.1 General
40 - B11.2 Limitations in the use of IQIs
40 - B11.3 IQI equivalence
40 - B11.4 IQI and pipe welds
41 - B11.5 Summary
43 - APPENDIX C - RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIVALENCE FACTORS

Sets out methods and specifies requirements for X-ray and gamma-ray testing of welded butt joints in metal products. Included is a comprehensive appendix which provides guidance for the use of the Standard and advice on how to optimize the quality of the radiographic image.

This Standard sets out methods and requirements for X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic testing of welded butt joints in metal products. It does not cover neutron radiography and does not specify the permissible defect levels used for the acceptance/rejection criteria of welds. The individual methods of test and the permissible defect levels should be specified in the relevant product or application Standard.NOTES:1 Advice and recommendations on information to be supplied by the purchaser at the time of enquiry or order are contained in Appendix A.2 Guidance and general information which should assist the users of this Standard is contained in Appendix B.

First published in part as AS B164-1965.
AS B230 first published 1967.
AS B237 first published 1967.
AS B164-1965, AS B230-1967 and AS B237-1967 revised, amalgamated and redesignated AS 2177.1-1978.
Second edition 1981.
Third edition 1994.