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ASTM E 2122 : 2002 : R2013

Superseded

Superseded

A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

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Standard Guide for Conducting In-situ Field Bioassays With Caged Bivalves (Withdrawn 2022)

Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Superseded date

18-06-2022

Superseded by

ASTM E 2122 : 2022

Language(s)

English

Published date

25-03-2013

€96.91
Excluding VAT

This guide describes procedures for conducting controlled experiments with caged bivalves under field conditions.

Committee
E 50
DocumentType
Guide
Pages
30
ProductNote
Reconfirmed 2013
PublisherName
American Society for Testing and Materials
Status
Superseded
SupersededBy
Supersedes

1.1This guide describes procedures for conducting controlled experiments with caged bivalves under field conditions. The purpose of this approach is to facilitate the simultaneous collection of field data to help characterize chemical exposure and associated biological effects in the same organism under environmentally realistic conditions. This approach of characterizing exposure and effects is consistent with the US EPA ecological risk assessment paradigm. Bivalves are useful test organisms for in-situ field bioassays because they (1) concentrate and integrate chemicals in their tissues and have a more limited ability to metabolize most chemicals than other species, (2) exhibit measurable sublethal effects associated with exposure to those chemicals, (3) provide paired tissue chemistry and response data which can be extrapolated to other species and trophic levels, (4) provide tissue chemistry data which can be used to estimate chemical exposure from water or sediment, and (5) facilitate controlled experimentation in the field with large sample sizes because they are easy to collect, cage, and measure (1, 2)2. The experimental control afforded by this approach can be used to place a large number of animals of a known size distribution in specific areas of concern to quantify exposure and effects over space and time within a clearly defined exposure period. Chemical exposure can be estimated by measuring the concentration of chemicals in water, sediment, or bivalve tissues, and effects can be estimated with survival, growth, and other sublethal end points (3). Although a number of assessments have been conducted using bivalves to characterize exposure by measuring tissue chemistry or associated biological effects, relatively few assessments have been conducted to characterize both exposure and biological effects simultaneously (2, 4, 5). This guide is specifically designed to help minimize the variability in tissue chemistry and response measurements by using a practical uniform size range and compartmentalized cages for multiple measurements on the same individuals.

1.2The test is referred to as a field bioassay because it is conducted in the field and because it includes an element of relative chemical potency to satisfy the bioassay definition. Relative potency is established by comparing tissue concentrations with effects levels for various chemicals with toxicity and bioaccumulation end points (6, 7, 8, 9, 10) even though there may be more uncertainty associated with effects measurements in field studies. Various pathways of exposure can be evaluated because filter-feeding and deposit-feeding are the primary feeding strategies for bivalves. Filter-feeding bivalves may be best suited to evaluate the bioavailability and associated effects of chemicals in the water column (that is, dissolved and suspended particulates); deposit-feeding bivalves may be best suited to evaluate chemicals associated with sediments (11, 12). It may be difficult to demonstrate pathways of exposure under field conditions, particularly since filter-feeding bivalves can ingest suspended sediment and facultative deposit-feeding bivalves can switch between filter- and deposit feeding over relatively small temporal scales. Filter-feeding bivalves caged within 1 m of bottom sediment have also been used effectively in sediment assessments from depths of 10 to 650 m (5, 13, 14). Caged bivalve studies have also been conducted in the intertidal zone (15). The field testing procedures described here are useful for testing most bivalves although modifications may be necessary for a particular species.

1.3These field testing procedures with caged bivalves are applicable to the environmental evaluation of water and sediment in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments with almost any combination of chemicals, and methods are being developed to help interpret the environmental significance of accumulated chemicals (6, 7, 9, 16, 17). These procedures could be regarded as a guide to an exposure system to assess chemical bioavailability and toxicity under natural, site- specific conditions, where any clinical measurements are possible.

1.4Tissue chemistry results from short- and long-term exposures can be reported in terms of concentrations of chemicals in bivalve tissues (for example, µg/g), amount (that is, weight or mass) of chemical per animal (for example, µg/animal), rate of uptake, or bioaccumulation factor (BAF, the ratio between the concentration of a chemical in bivalve tissues and the concentration in the external environment, including water, sediment, and food). Tissue chemistry results can only be used to calculate a BAF because caged bivalves in the field are exposed to multiple sources of chemicals and can accumulate chemicals from water, sediment, and food. Toxicity results can be reported in terms of survival (3, 18), growth rate (3, 18), or reproductive effects (19, 20) after a defined exposure period.

1.5Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of standardized tests. Comparisons of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting field bioassays with bivalves.

1.6This guide is arranged as follows:

Section

Referenced Documents

2

Terminology

3

Summary of Guide

4

Significance and Use

5

Interferences

6

Hazards

7

Experimental Design

8

Apparatus

9

 Facilities

 Construction Materials

 Cages

Test Organisms

10

 Species

 Commonly Used Taxa

 Size and Age of Test Organisms

 Source

 Number of Specimens

 Collection

 Handling

 Holding

 Animal Quality

Field Procedures

11

 Test Initiation: Presort

 Final Measurements and Distribution

 Attachment of PVC Frames

 Deployment

 Retrieval and End-of-Test Measurements

 Analysis of Tissues for Background Contamination

 Collection and Preparation of Tissues for Analysis

 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures

 Sample Containers, Handling, and Preservation

Ancillary Methodology

12

 Temperature

 Food

Acceptability of Test

13

Report

14

Keywords

15

References


1.7The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

1.8This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment – particularly during field operations in turbulent waters or extreme weather conditions. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.

ASTM E 1850 : 2004 : R2019 Standard Guide for Selection of Resident Species as Test Organisms for Aquatic and Sediment Toxicity Tests
ASTM E 3163 : 2018 Standard Guide for Selection and Application of Analytical Methods and Procedures Used during Sediment Corrective Action

ASTM E 1367 : 2003 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates
ASTM E 1023 : 1984 : R2007 Standard Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses
ASTM E 1391 : 2002 Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing
ASTM D 4447 : 2015 Standard Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
ASTM E 1706 : 2005 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
ASTM E 1191 : 2003 : REV A Standard Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids
ASTM D 1129 : 2013 : REDLINE Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM D 1129 : 2003 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM D 4447 : 1984 : R2003 Standard Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
ASTM E 1525 : 1994 Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
ASTM D 1129 : 2013 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM D 1129 : 2013 : R2020 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM E 1391 : 2003 : R2014 Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and for Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Invertebrates
ASTM D 3976 : 1992 : R2005 Standard Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples for Chemical Analysis
ASTM E 1688 : 2000 : REV A Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
ASTM E 1191 : 2003 : REV A : R2014 Standard Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids
ASTM D 4447 : 2015 : REDLINE Standard Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
ASTM D 4447 : 2006 Standard Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
ASTM E 1688 : 2000 : REV A : R2007 Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
ASTM E 1525 : 1994 : REV A Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
ASTM E 1023 : 1984 : R2014 Standard Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses
ASTM D 3976 : 1992 : R2001 Standard Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples for Chemical Analysis
ASTM E 1367 : 2003 : R2014 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates
ASTM D 1129 : 2006 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM E 1847 : 1996 : R2008 Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines
ASTM E 1023 : 1984 : R2002 Standard Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses
ASTM D 3976 : 1992 : R2010 Standard Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples for Chemical Analysis
ASTM E 724 : 1998 : R2012 Standard Guide for<brk type="line"/> Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests Starting with Embryos of Four Species of Saltwater Bivalve Molluscs
ASTM E 1706 : 2000 : EDT 1 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Fresh Water Invertebrates
ASTM E 1706 : 2020 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
ASTM D 3976 : 1992 : R1996 Standard Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples for Chemical Analysis
ASTM E 1391 : 1994 Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing
ASTM E 1391 : 2003 : R2008 Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and for Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Invertebrates
ASTM E 1706 : 2000 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Fresh Water Invertebrates
ASTM E 1706 : 2005 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
ASTM E 1192 : 1997 : R2008 Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
ASTM D 1129 : 1999 : REV A Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM D 1129 : 2006 : REV A Standard Terminology Relating to Water
IEEE/ASTM SI_10-2010 American National Standard for Metric Practice
ASTM D 1129 : 2003 : REV A Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM D 1129 : 2002 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM E 1367 : 2003 : R2008 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates
ASTM E 724 : 2021 Standard Guide for<brk type="line"/> Conducting Static Short-Term Chronic Toxicity Tests Starting with Embryos of Four Species of Saltwater Bivalve Molluscs
ASTM E 1023 : 1984 : R1996 Standard Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses
ASTM E 1847 : 1996 : R2003 Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines
ASTM D 3976 : 1992 PRACTICE FOR PREPARATION OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
ASTM D 4447 : 2021 Standard Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
ASTM E 1191 : 2003 Standard Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids
ASTM E 1367 : 1992 Standard Guide for Conducting 10-day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods
ASTM E 1391 : 2003 Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and for Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Invertebrates
ASTM E 1191 : 2003 : REV A : R2008 Standard Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids
ASTM E 1192 : 1997 Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
ASTM E 1688 : 2019 Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
ASTM E 1847 : 1996 Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines
ASTM D 1129 : 2004 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM D 3976 : 1992 : R2015 Standard Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples for Chemical Analysis
ASTM E 1367 : 2003 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates
ASTM E 1706 : 2005 : R2010 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates (Withdrawn 2019)
ASTM E 1525 : 2002 : R2008 Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
ASTM E 1022 : 1994 : R2002 Standard Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests with Fishes and Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks
ASTM D 4447 : 1984 : R1997 Standard Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
ASTM E 1706 : 2000 : EDT 2 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
ASTM E 1192 : 1997 : R2003 Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
ASTM E 1706 : 2004 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
ASTM D 1129 : 2002 : REV A Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM E 1342 : 1997 Standard Practice for Preservation by Freezing, Freeze-Drying, and Low Temperature Maintenance of Bacteria, Fungi, Protista, Viruses, Genetic Elements, and Animal and Plant Tissues
ASTM E 1022 : 1994 : R2013 Standard Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests with Fishes and Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks (Withdrawn 2022)
ASTM D 4447 : 2010 Standard Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
ASTM E 1847 : 1996 : R2013 Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines (Withdrawn 2022)
ASTM E 729 : 1996 Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
ASTM E 1688:2010 Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
ASTM E 1191 : 1997 Standard Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids
ASTM E 1192 : 1997 : R2014 Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
ASTM E 1706 : 2019 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
ASTM D 1129 : 2010 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM E 1525 : 2002 Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
ASTM D 1129 : 2006 : REV A : EDT 1 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM D 1129 : 2001 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM D 1129 : 2004 : EDT 1 Standard Terminology Relating to Water
ASTM E 1367 : 1999 Standard Guide for Conducting 10-day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods
ASTM E 1022 : 1994 Standard Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests with Fishes and Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks
ASTM E 1688 : 2010 : R2016 Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
ASTM E 1525 : 2002 : R2014 Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
ASTM E 1022 : 1994 : R2007 Standard Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests with Fishes and Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks

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