BS 4994:1987

Section one. General
1. Scope
2. Definitions
3. Nomenclature
4. Information & requirements to be agreed/documented
5. Categories of vessels and tanks
Section two. Materials and design loadings
6. Materials
7. Construction of chemical barrier
8. Flammability
9. Allowable and design unit loadings
Section three. Design
10. General
11. Design basis
12. Design details
13. Laminate design and thickness
14. Cylindrical and spherical shells
15. Shells subjected to wind loading
16. Rectangular tanks
17. Flat panels
18. Ends
19. Circumferential seams
20. Openings, branches and compensation
21. Bolted flanged circular connections
22. Supports
23. Structures and fittings
24. Local load analysis
Section four. Construction and workmanship
25. Approval of design and construction details
26. Conditions in works
27. Manufacturing procedure
28. Constructional details
29. Curing
30. Tolerances
Section five. Inspection and tests
31. Inspection and test requirements
32. Certificate of inspection and testing
33. Principle stages of inspection
34. Welding procedure and welder approval tests for
     thermoplastics linings
35. Production weld tests for thermoplastics linings
36. Laminating procedures and approval of operators
37. Production samples for mechanical tests on laminates
38. Prototype testing
39. Testing after completion of fabrication
40. Marking
Section six. Erection
41. Preparation for shipment
42. Handling
43. Transportation
44. Temporary storage
45. Installation
46. Support of associated pipework
Appendices
A. General information on the materials used for
     reinforced plastics construction
B. Methods of test
C. Effects of materials on water quality
D. Worked examples of the design calculations
     specified in sections two and three
E. Selection procedure for factor k2
F. Design calculation for tank and vessel anchorage
G. Stresses from local loads, etc.: recommended
     methods of calculation
H. Recommended supports for vertical vessels and tanks
J. Design of metallic lifting lugs and trunnions
K. Bibliography
Tables
1. Nomenclature, symbols and units
2. Minimum categories of vessel or tank
3. Design documentation and drawing requirements
4. Quality control: tests and records
5. Minimum properties of reinforced laminate layers
6. Factor relating to method of manufacture
7. Factors to be applied to the design unit loading
     of continuous rovings for different winding angles
8. Deflection & bending moment constants - flat plates
9. Deflection and bending moment constants for central
     local loads on rectangular flat plates
10. alpha/beta constants for sector & triangular plates
11. Shape factor for domed ends
12. Shape factors for conical ends - figure 12(a)
13. Shape factors for conical ends - figure 12(b)
14. Flange and bolt details
15. Recommended design stress values for flange bolting
     materials
16. Permissible limits for laminate defects
17. Tolerance for shells
18. Values of K1 and K2
Figures
1. Factor relating to temperature, k3
2. Factor relating to cyclic loading, k4
3. Unit modulus/winding angle
4. Four typical examples of laminate construction
    (without thermoplastics lining)
5. Relationship between thickness and glass content
6. Single taper blending at changes of thickness
    (suitable for vessels with or without
    thermoplastics linings)
7. Double taper blending at changes of thickness
    (suitable for vessels without thermoplastics
    linings)
8. Effective length between stiffeners under external
    pressure
9. Type 1 edge fixings
10. Type 2 edge fixings
11. Domed ends
12. Conical ends and reducing sections
13. Blind flanges: general
14. Blind flanges: not suitable for vacuum vessels
15. Shape factor for semi-ellipsoidal ends convex to
    pressure
16. Lined and unlined tanks, knuckle radius 30 mm to
    150 mm (preferred construction)
17. Lined tanks, fabric-backed liner without a formed
    knuckle
18. Typical main seam joints for vessels without
    thermoplastics linings
19. Typical main seam joint for vessels with
    thermoplastics linings
20. Diagrams of typical branches
21. Arrangement of branch overlay for long branches
22. Gussets for branches
23. Pads for vessels
24. Flange construction
25. Details of flanges for thermoplastics-lined GRP
    vessels
26. Full faced flange with soft gasket
27. Typical anchorage arrangements for flat-bottomed
    tanks (brackets or ring)
28. Supports for drop-through vessels and tanks
29. Support arrangements for base-supported vertical
    vessels and tanks
30. Supports for horizontal vessels and tanks
31. n ply laminated beam
32. Tolerances for cylindrical shells
33. Chart of apparent extension, Z, versus force, F
34. Test specimen for the determination of lap shear
    strength of laminate
35. Test specimen for the determination of shear strength
    of bond between thermoplastics lining and laminate
36. Test for determination of peel strength of bond
37. Test specimen for shear strength of sandwich panel
38. Assembly of test specimen and grips
39. Biaxial design envelopes
40. Approximate values of Kc2
41. Graphical determination of k2: example D
42. Graphical determination of k2: example E
43. Restriction on vessel/attachment geometry
44. Vessel with central radial load
45. Vessel with radial load out of centre
46. Graph for finding equivalent length Le
47. Chart for finding 64 r/t (Cx/r) squared
48. Cylindrical shells with radial load: circumferential
    moment per millimetre width
49. Cylindrical shells with radial load: longitudinal
    moment per millimetre width
50. Cylindrical shells with radial load: circumferential
    membrane force per millimetre width
51. Cylindrical shells with radial load: longitudinal
    membrane force per millimetre width
52. Circumferential bending moment due to a radial line
    load variation round circumference
53. Longitudinal moment from radial line load variation
    round circumference
54. Circumferential membrane stress from radial line
    load variation round circumference
55. Longitudinal membrane forces from radial line load
    variation round circumference
56. Circumferential bending moment due to a radial line
    load variation along cylinder
57. Longitudinal moment due to a radial line load
    variation along cylinder
58. Circumferential membrane forces due to a radial line
    load variation along cylinder
59. Longitudinal membrane forces due to a radial line
    load variation along cylinder
60. Maximum radial deflection of a cylindrical shell
    subjected to a radial load, W, uniformly distributed
    over a square 2C x 2C
61. Maximum radial deflection of a cylindrical shell
    subjected to a radial load, W, uniformly distributed
    over a square 2C x 2C
62. Graphs for finding the square 2C1 x 2C1 equivalent
    to a rectangular loading area 2Cx x 2Cphi
63. Circumferential moment
64. Longitudinal moment
65. Chart for finding s and u
66. Spherical shell subjected to a radial load
67. Deflections of a spherical shell subjected to a
    radial load, W
68. Moments and membrane forces in a spherical shell
    subjected to a radial load, W
69. Spherical shell subjected to an external moment
70. Deflections of a spherical shell subjected to an
    external moment, M
71. to 84. More figures

Design, materials, construction, inspecting, testing and erection of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics, consisting of a polyester, epoxy or furane resin system reinforced with glass fibres, manufactured by the wet lay-up process.