EN 14731:2005

Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Information needed for the execution of the work
   4.1 General
   4.2 Special features for ground treatment by deep
        vibration
5 Geotechnical investigation
   5.1 General
   5.2 Specific aspects for deep vibratory compaction
   5.3 Specific aspects for vibrated stone columns
6 Materials and products
   6.1 General
   6.2 Materials for deep vibratory compaction
   6.3 Materials for vibrated stone columns
7 Considerations related to design
   7.1 General
   7.2 Selection of treatment method
   7.3 Design verification
   7.4 Extent and layout of treatment
   7.5 Sequence of treatment
8 Execution
   8.1 General
   8.2 Site preparation
   8.3 Setting out
   8.4 Treatment
9 Supervision, testing and monitoring
   9.1 Supervision and monitoring
   9.2 Testing
10 Records
   10.1 Records in connection with the execution of the
        ground treatment
   10.2 Records at completion of the ground treatment
11 Special requirements
   11.1 General
   11.2 Safety
   11.3 Environmental protection
   11.4 Impact on adjacent structures
Annex A (informative) Deep vibratory compaction
Annex B (informative) Installation of vibrated stone
                      columns
   B.1 General
   B.2 Dry top-feed process
   B.3 Wet process
   B.4 Dry bottom-feed process
Bibliography

his European Standard is applicable to the planning, execution, testing and monitoring of ground treatment by deep vibration achieved by depth vibrators and compaction probes.The following types of treatment are covered by this European Standard:deep vibratory compaction to densify the existing ground;vibrated stone columns to form a stiffened composite ground structure by the insertion of granular material which itself shall be densified. Generally, stone columns have a diameter greater than 0,6 m and lower than 1,2 m.The following treatment methods are covered by this European Standard:methods in which depth vibrators, containing oscillating weights which cause horizontal vibrations, are inserted into the ground;methods in which compaction probes are inserted into the ground using a vibrator which remains at the ground surface and which in most cases oscillates in a vertical mode.Treatment methods are outlined in Annexes A and B.The following treatment methods, among others, are not included in this European Standard:methods in which sand or stone columns are installed by means of impact or top vibratory driven casing;methods in which very stiff columns are formed either by the addition of cement to granular material or by the use of concrete or any other binder;dynamic compaction and other methods in which some form of treatment is applied to the ground surface;explosive compaction.