ANSI C39.1 : 81(R1992)
Withdrawn
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ELECTRICAL ANALOG INDICATING INSTRUMENTS, REQUIREMENTS FOR,
23-07-2013
12-01-2013
1. Scope
2. Classification
2.1 General
2.2 Use
2.3 Principle of Operation
2.4 Method of Suspension of Moving Element
2.5 Accuracy Class
3. Definitions
4. Test Conditions
4.1 General
4.2 Reference Conditions
4.3 Mounting
4.4 Number of Readings
4.5 Parallax
4.6 Power Source
4.7 Tapping
4.8 Test Equipment Accuracy
4.9 Thermal Stability
4.10 Preconditioning Time
4.11 Zero Adjustment
5. Test Procedures
5.1 General
5.2 Accuracy, Intrinsic
5.3 Balance, Moving-Element
5.4 Current Loading in Voltmeters (Ohms per Volt)
5.5 Dielectric Test
5.6 Effect of Extreme Temperature
5.7 Effect of Humidity
5.8 Effect of Momentary Overload on Current Circuits
5.9 Effect of Shock
5.10 Effect of Short-Time Overload
5.11 Effect of Sustained Overload on All Circuits
5.12 Effect of Usage
5.13 Effect of Vibration
5.14 Frequency, Dropout Differential (for Synchroscopes)
5.15 Frequency, Pull-in Differential (for Synchroscopes)
5.16 Impedance Test (AC Instruments)
5.17 Influence, Combined Voltage and Current (Wattmeters
and Varmeters)
5.18 Influence, Circuit-to-Ground Voltage
5.19 Influence, Electrostatic Field on Window
5.20 Influence, External-Magnetic-Field
5.21 Influence, External-Temperature
5.22 Influence, Extreme Temperature
5.23 Influence, Frequency
5.24 Influence, Ferrous-Panel (Panel-Type Instruments
Only)
5.25 Influence, Ferrous-Platform (Portable Instruments
Only)
5.26 Influence, Interelement (Polyphase Wattmeters)
5.27 Influence, Operation
5.28 Influence, Position
5.29 Influence, Power-Factor (Wattmeters and Varmeters)
5.30 Influence, Proximity
5.31 Influence, Unbalanced-Current (Polyphase Wattmeters
and Varmeters)
5.32 Influence, Voltage, at Zero (Wattmeters and Varmeters)
5.33 Influence, Voltage (Frequency Meters and Power-Factor
Meters)
5.34 Influence, Waveform
5.35 Insulation Test for Leakage Current
5.36 Loading, Apparent Power (Current Circuits)(Volt-
Ampere Loss)
5.37 Loading, Apparent Power, of Instruments Having
Voltage Circuits (Volt-Ampere Loss)
5.38 Overshoot
5.39 Repeatability Error
5.40 Resistance (DC Instruments)
5.41 Response Time
5.42 Scale Length
5.43 Sensitivity (Synchroscopes)
5.44 Sticking Above End-Scale Mark
5.45 Sticking Below Low End-Scale Mark (Suppressed-Zero
Instruments)
5.46 Sticking Below Zero
5.47 Symmetry Error (Offset-Zero Instruments)
5.48 Thermal Converter, 90% Response time
5.49 Tracking Error (Zero-Left and Zero-Right Instruments)
5.50 Tracking Error (Offset-Zero Instruments)
5.51 Voltage Drop (Current-Measuring Instruments)
5.52 Voltage Drop in Current Circuits (Wattmeters,
Varmeters, and Power-Factor Meters)
5.53 Window Test (When Windows Are a Separate Item
Assembled to the Cover or Front)
5.54 Zero Adjustment, Range of
5.55 Zero-Shift Error, Short-Term
5.56 Zero-Shift Error, Long-Term
6. General Requirements
6.1 Safety Requirements
6.2 Balancing
6.3 Bearings
6.4 Corrosion Resistance
6.5 Degree of Enclosure
6.6 Finishes
6.7 Hardware for Mounting
6.8 Interior Cleanliness
6.9 Means of Adjustment to Accuracy
6.10 Molded Parts
6.11 Pointers
6.12 Scale Visibility
6.13 Screw Threads
6.14 Terminals
6.15 Windows
6.16 Zero Adjuster
6.17 Dials
6.18 Marking
6.19 Designation of Linear Scales
6.20 Numbering of Scales
6.21 Preferred End-Scale Values for Self-Contained
Instruments where Zero is at the Left
6.22 Scale Divisions
6.23 Supplemental Data for Portable Instruments - Rated
Accuracy Class 0.25
6.24 Unit Designation of Quantity Measured
6.25 Bonding
6.26 Ferrous Panels
6.27 Shunt Leads
6.28 Other General Requirements
6.29 Portable-Type Instruments (Introductory Notes and
General Requirements)
7. Dimensional Characteristics and Detailed Requirements
Table 1 Data to be Furnished with 0.25 Accuracy Class
Portable Instruments
Figures
1. Positions for Checking Balance Error in Round and
Rectangular 90-Degree Instruments
2. Positions for Checking Balance Error in Round and
Rectangular 250-Degree Instruments
3. Positions for Checking Balance Error in Horizontal
Edgewise Instruments
4. Positions for Checking Balance Error in Vertical
Edgewise Instruments
5. Linear Scale
6. Dimensions and Drill Plans for Three-Hole Panel-
Mounted Instruments
7. Dimensions and Drill Plans for Four-Hole Panel-
Mounted Instruments
8. Dimensions and Drill Plans for Two-Hole Panel-
Mounted Instruments
9. Dimensions of Edgewise Panel Cutouts
10. Dimensional Characteristics of 6-Inch 90-Degree
Switchboard-Type Instruments
11. Dimensional Characteristics of 4-1/2 Inch and
8-3/4 Inch 250 Degree Switchboard-Type Instruments
Appendixes
A. Guide for the User: Panel Cutouts
Fig.A1. Dimensions of Edgewise Panel Cutouts
Fig.A2. Dimensions of Cutouts for Back-of-Panel
Mounted Panel Cutouts, Panel Instruments
B. Minimum Torque Values and Test Procedure for Testing
Mounting of Terminals
Fig.B1. Direction and Application of Torque
C. Preferred End-Scale Values for Self-Contained
Instruments where Zero Is at the Left
Table C1. End-Scale Values
D. Unit Designation of Quantity Measured
Table D1. Unit Designations
E. Abbreviations and Unit Symbols Used in this Standard
F. Markings and Symbols for Electrical Indicating
Instruments
Table F1. Symbols for Marking Instruments and
Accessories
G. Terminal Spacing and Size
H. External Resistors and Boxes
Table H1. Tubular Resistor, Max Current Loading 1mA
Table H2. Tubular Resistor Dimensions, Inches
I. Enclosures for External Accessories
Fig.I1. Dimensions of Enclosures
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