AS 1375-1985

1 - AS 1375-1985 SAA INDUSTRIAL FUEL-FIRED APPLIANCES CODE
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - FOREWORD
9 - SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
9 - 1.1 SCOPE
9 - 1.2 APPLICATION
9 - 1.3 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS
9 - 1.4 INTERPRETATIONS
9 - 1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
9 - 1.6 DEFINITIONS
9 - 1.6.1 Appliance
9 - 1.6.2 Appliance management system
9 - 1.6.3 Approval, approved
9 - 1.6.4 Authority
9 - 1.6.5 Burner management system
9 - 1.6.6 Chimney
9 - 1.6.7 Critical time
9 - 1.6.8 Dilution
9 - 1.6.9 Duct
9 - 1.6.10 Flame simulation
9 - 1.6.11 Flue
9 - 1.6.12 Fresh air
9 - 1.6.13 Installer
9 - 1.6.14 Interlock
9 - 1.6.15 Lockout
9 - 1.6.16 May
9 - 1.6.17 Power flue
9 - 1.6.18 Proved
10 - 1.6.19 Purging
10 - 1.6.20 Shall and should
10 - 1.6.21 Shutdown
10 - 1.6.22 Start-fuel rate
11 - SECTION 2. APPLIANCE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
11 - 2.1 GENERAL DESIGN
11 - 2.1.1 Appliance structure
11 - 2.1.2 Ladders or steps
11 - 2.1.3 Protection of equipment
11 - 2.1.4 Accumulation within cavity walls
11 - 2.1.5 Insulation
11 - 2.1.6 Ignition hazards
11 - 2.1.7 Strength of doors
11 - 2.1.8 Prevention of accidental fires
11 - 2.1.9 Free circulation
11 - 2.1.10 Adjusting devices
11 - 2.1.11 Air inlet guards
11 - 2.1.12 Systems for heating by hot fluids
11 - 2.1.13 Electrical equipment
11 - 2.1.14 Gas piping and components
11 - 2.2 MATERIALS
11 - 2.2.1 Suitability
11 - 2.2.2 Combustibility
12 - 2.3 SAFETY OF PERSONNEL
12 - 2.3.1 Working inside appliances
12 - 2.3.2 Door handles
12 - 2.3.3 Injury or burns
12 - 2.3.4 Projections
12 - 2.3.5 Explosion reliefs
12 - 2.4 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROVISIONS
12 - 2.4.1 Control equipment
12 - 2.4.2 Automatic appliance management systems
12 - 2.4.3 Manual functions
12 - 2.4.4 Visual flame checking provisions
12 - 2.4.5 Removable components
12 - 2.4.6 Special tools
12 - 2.4.7 Cleaning
12 - 2.4.8 Maintenance provisions
12 - 2.5 EXPLOSION DAMAGE PROTECTION
12 - 2.5.1 Provision of protection
13 - 2.5.2 Explosion relief operation
13 - 2.5.3 Explosion relief location
13 - 2.6 TEMPERATURE HAZARDS
13 - 2.6.1 Components, floors, walls
13 - 2.6.2 Power failure
13 - 2.7 INSTRUCTIONS
13 - 2.7.1 Instructions
14 - 2.7.2 Additional information
14 - 2.8 MARKING
14 - 2.8.1 Appliance data
14 - 2.8.2 Indicators, gauges, and controls
14 - 2.8.3 Emergency stops
14 - 2.8.4 Colour code
15 - SECTION 3. COMBUSTION SYSTEM
15 - 3.1 GENERAL
15 - 3.1.1 General suitability
15 - 3.1.2 Movable burners
15 - 3.1.3 Fuel remaining in burner
15 - 3.2 IGNITION SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION.
15 - 3.2.1 Location and fixing
15 - 3.2.2 Spark-ignition system
15 - 3.2.3 Manual ignition
15 - 3.2.4 Manual ignition equipment
15 - 3.3 SUPERVISION, CONTROL, AND SAFE PROCEDURES
15 - 3.3.1 General principles
16 - 3.3.2 Automatic systems
16 - 3.3.3 Manual systems
16 - 3.3.4 Interlocking controls
16 - 3.4 STARTING AND IGNITION
16 - 3.4.1 Ignition procedures
16 - 3.4.2 Performance
16 - 3.4.3 Attempted re-ignition
16 - 3.4.4 Ignition during purging
16 - 3.4.5 Multiple main burner appliances
16 - 3.4.6 Sequential ignition of multiple main burners
16 - 3.4.7 Simultaneous ignition of multiple main burners
17 - 3.5 FLAME FAILURE DURING OPERATION
17 - 3.5.1 Flame supervision and failure protection
17 - 3.5.2 Flame failure response time
17 - 3.5.3 Relighting after flame failure
17 - 3.5.4 Extraneous ignition sources
17 - 3.6 MULTIFUEL FIRING
17 - 3.6.1 Application
17 - 3.6.2 Alternative firing
17 - 3.6.3 Simultaneous firing
18 - 3.7 SHUTDOWN PROCEDURES
18 - 3.7.1 Safety
18 - 3.7.2 Normal shutdown
18 - 3.7.3 Abnormal shutdown
18 - 3.8 PURGING
18 - 3.8.1 When to purge
18 - 3.8.2 Method of purging
18 - 3.8.3 Completeness of purging
18 - 3.8.4 Manually controlled purging
18 - 3.8.5 Proof of purge air
18 - 3.8.6 Dampers
19 - SECTION 4. CONTROL OF NON-FUEL COMBUSTIBLE ATMOSPHERES
19 - 4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
19 - 4.2 PREVENTION OR RELIEF OF EXPLOSIONS
19 - 4.2.1 Explosion prevention
19 - 4.2.2 High concentration of volatiles
19 - 4.2.3 Explosion relief
19 - 4.3 AIR DILUTION AND PURGING
19 - 4.3.1 Method of providing dilution air
19 - 4.3.2 Dilution air quantities
19 - 4.3.3 Air distribution
19 - 4.3.4 Purging
19 - 4.4 VAPOUR AND DUST REMOVAL
19 - 4.4.1 Safe disposal
19 - 4.4.2 Incineration
19 - 4.4.3 Leakage of hazardous materials
20 - SECTION 5. INSTALLATION, COMMISSIONING, AND OPERATION
20 - 5.1 INSTALLER’S RESPONSIBILITY
20 - 5.1.1 Instructions
20 - 5.1.2 Defective equipment
20 - 5.1.3 Suitability for fuel, electricity
20 - 5.2 STANDARDS FOR WORKMANSHIP AND GOOD PRACTICE
20 - 5.2.1 Materials
20 - 5.2.2 Finish
20 - 5.2.3 Connection of services
20 - 5.3 LOCATION AND ACCESS
20 - 5.3.1 Building safety
20 - 5.3.2 Building structures
20 - 5.3.3 Safety and convenience
20 - 5.3.4 Combustible materials
20 - 5.3.5 Clearance for explosion relief
20 - 5.3.6 Explosion relief protection
20 - 5.3.7 Appliance security
21 - 5.3.8 Gas vent discharge
21 - 5.3.9 Foundations, supports
21 - 5.3.10 Lighting
21 - 5.4 FRESH AIR SUPPLY
21 - 5.4.1 Air supply
21 - 5.4.2 Air entries
21 - 5.4.3 Fan failure
21 - 5.5 FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM
21 - 5.5.1 Fuel shut-off
21 - 5.5.2 Gas supply system
21 - 5.5.3 Oil fuel supply system
22 - 5.5.4 Solid fuel systems
22 - 5.6 COMMISSIONING
22 - 5.6.1 Commissioning agent
22 - 5.6.2 Information
22 - 5.6.3 Data and reports
23 - SECTION 6. FLUES (CHIMNEYS), EXHAUST
23 - 6.1 GENERAL
23 - 6.1.1 Removal of products of combustion
23 - 6.1.2 Provision of exhaust systems
23 - 6.1.3 Flues separate from exhausts
23 - 6.1.4 Common exhaust systems
23 - 6.1.5 Temperature hazards and comfort
23 - 6.1.6 Terminals for flues and exhaust ducts
23 - 6.2 FLUE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
23 - 6.2.1 Construction
23 - 6.2.2 Performance
23 - 6.2.3 Common flues
24 - 6.2.4 Power flues
24 - 6.3 FLUE SUPPORTS
24 - 6.3.1 Direct-mounted flues
24 - 6.3.2 Free-standing flues
24 - 6.3.3 Guys, stays, and supports
24 - 6.4 EARTHING
24 - 6.5 FLUE DAMPERS
24 - 6.5.1 Damper/fuel interlock
24 - 6.5.2 Damper settings
24 - 6.6 DUCTS
24 - 6.6.1 Construction
24 - 6.6.2 Joints
24 - 6.6.3 Cleaning
24 - 6.6.4 Condensation provisions
24 - 6.6.5 Dampers
25 - APPENDIX A - OPERATING DATA, SPECIAL PURPOSE OVENS
26 - APPENDIX B - REGULAR TESTING OF SAFETY DEVICES AND PROCEDURES
26 - B1 REGULAR TESTING
26 - B2 PERSONNEL, ORGANIZATION.
26 - B3 GENERAL OUTLINE OF PROCEDURES
26 - B4 TYPICAL TESTING SCHEDULES
29 - APPENDIX C - TYPICAL IGNITION PROCEDURES
31 - APPENDIX D - CRITICAL ENERGY AND CRITICAL TIME
31 - D1 INTRODUCTION
32 - D2 SYMBOLS
33 - D3 CALCULATING THE CRITICAL TIME, CASE A
33 - D4 DERIVATION OF FORMULAS, CASE A
33 - D5 CALCULATING THE CRITICAL TIME, CASE B
33 - D6 DERIVATION OF FORMULA, CASE B
35 - APPENDIX E - RELIEF OF EXPLOSIONS
35 - E1 INTRODUCTION
36 - E2 OUTLINE OF DESIGN PROCEDURE
36 - E3 SYMBOLS
37 - E4 DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PRESSURE
37 - E4.1 Objective
37 - E4.2 Determination of strength
37 - E5 DETERMINATION OF RELIEF VENT AREA
38 - E6 DETERMINATION OF THE OPENING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RELIEF VENT CLOSURE
38 - E6.1 Introduction
38 - E6.2 Mass-gravity closure
39 - E6.3 Hinged panels
39 - E6.4 Closure that bursts to relieve pressure
39 - E6.5 Spring-loaded panels
39 - E6.6 Panels held in place by magnets or spring catches
39 - E7 LOCATION OF RELIEF VENTS ON APPLIANCES
39 - REFERENCES
41 - APPENDIX F - DILUTION
41 - F1 INTRODUCTION
41 - F2 CALCULATION OF DILUTION AIRFLOW RATE
41 - F3 DETERMINATION OF V
41 - F4 DETERMINATION OF A
42 - F5 DETERMINATION OF VA
42 - F5.1 General
42 - F5.2 Calculation when either V or A is unknown
42 - F5.3 Calculation for mixed solvents
42 - F6 DETERMINATION OF C
42 - F7 DETERMINATION OF Q
42 - F7.1 Continuous process oven
42 - F7.2 Batch process ovens
43 - F8 DETERMINATION OF F
43 - F9 EXAMPLES OF CALCULATIONS
43 - F9.1 Continuous oven
43 - F9.2 Batch oven, below 120°C
43 - F9.3 Batch oven, above 120°C
45 - APPENDIX G - CHARACTERISTICS DATA
50 - APPENDIX H - MODEL COMMISSIONING PROCEDURE
50 - H1 SCOPE
50 - H2 STAGE 1: PRELIMINARY INSPECTION
50 - H3 STAGE 2: ACTIVATION-RUN WITHOUT FUEL
50 - H4 STAGE 3: ACTIVATION-RUN WITH FUEL
51 - H5 STAGE 4: OPERATION
51 - H6 STAGE 5: COMPLETION
52 - ANNEX - LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

Gives principles for the design, construction and operation of industrial appliances that are heated by the combustion of a fuel, i.e. ovens, furnaces, boilers, dryers and the like. It deals with the safety of the fuel combustion process, and with safety in relation to combustible vapours, dusts, etc. that may occur or be generated within an appliance. Methods of calculating critical appliance characteristics, explosion relief areas, and air dilution volumes are given.

This standard sets out the safety principles relating to the design, installation, and operation of industrial appliances that involve the combustion of gas or oil, or other fuel in air suspension, or the generation of combustible vapours in such appliances.NOTE: Although the rules for combustion safety given in this standard are applicable in principle to very high energy release appliances such as large land boilers for electricity generation and for solid fuel and pulverized coal firing, it should be recognized that appliances of such a size present unique problems, often requiring comparatively sophisticated control systems. Each such case should be studied individually and its safety evaluated in relation to its own particular conditions.