AS 1680.1-1990

1 - AS 1680.1-1990 INTERIOR LIGHTING - GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
9 - FOREWORD
10 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
10 - 1.1 SCOPE
10 - 1.2 APPLICATION
10 - 1.2.1 Date of application
10 - 1.2.2 Information needed for application
10 - 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
10 - 1.4 DEFINITIONS
10 - 1.4.1 Average illuminance (within a room)
10 - 1.4.2 Average illuminance (over a task area)
11 - 1.4.3 Initial illuminance
11 - 1.4.4 Maintenance illuminance
11 - 1.4.5 Room index (K)
11 - 1.4.6 Cut-off angle (of a luminaire)
11 - 1.4.7 Task area
11 - 1.4.8 Task illuminance
11 - 1.4.9 Task surroundings
11 - 1.4.10 Task detail
11 - 1.4.11 (Visual) task
11 - 1.4.12 Uniformity of illuminance
11 - 1.4.13 Unwanted reflections
11 - 1.4.14 Veiling reflections
11 - 1.4.15 Working plane
12 - SECTION 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GOOD LIGHTING
12 - 2.1 OBJECTIVES OF A LIGHTING SYSTEM
12 - 2.2 THE TASK
12 - 2.3 THE ENVIRONMENT
12 - 2.4 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
12 - 2.5 DAYLIGHT AND ELECTRIC LIGHT
14 - SECTION 3 TASK VISIBILITY
14 - 3.1 VISIBILITY AND VISUAL PERFORMANCE
14 - 3.2 LUMINANCES IN THE VISUAL FIELD
16 - 3.3 RECOMMENDED ILLUMINANCES
16 - 3.3.1 General
16 - 3.3.2 Influence of illuminance on task performance
17 - 3.3.3 Illuminance preferences
17 - 3.3.4 Provision of illuminances
18 - 3.3.5 Need for maintenance
20 - 3.4 UNIFORMITY OF ILLUMINANCE
20 - 3.4.1 General considerations
20 - 3.4.2 General lighting systems
20 - 3.4.3 Task area lighting
20 - 3.4.4 Combinations of general and local lighting
20 - 3.4.5 Adjacent spaces
20 - 3.5 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TASK CHARACTERISTICS
20 - 3.5.1 Matt tasks
21 - 3.5.2 Gloss tasks
22 - 3.5.3 Surrounds
23 - SECTION 4 DIRECTIONAL EFFECTS OF LIGHTING
23 - 4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
23 - 4.2 MODELLING AND SHADOWS
23 - 4.2.1 Diffuse and directional light
23 - 4.2.2 Particular effects
23 - 4.2.3 Vector/scalar ratio
24 - 4.3 REVEALING TASK CHARACTERISTICS
24 - 4.4 REVEALING THE ENVIRONMENT
27 - SECTION 5 UNWANTED REFLECTIONS
27 - 5.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
27 - 5.2 RELATIVE LOCATION OF TASKS AND LIGHT SOURCES
28 - 5.3 USE OF LOCAL LIGHTING (INCREASING TASK ILLUMINANCE)
28 - 5.4 LIMITATION OF SOURCE LUMINANCE
28 - 5.5 AVOIDANCE OF GLOSSY SURFACES IN TASK SURROUNDS
28 - 5.6 REFLECTIONS IN VDU SCREENS
29 - 5.7 CONTRAST RENDERING FACTOR
30 - SECTION 6 SURFACES
30 - 6.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
30 - 6.2 SURFACE REFLECTANCES FOR GOOD SEEING CONDITIONS
30 - 6.2.1 Importance of room surface reflectances
30 - 6.2.2 Influence of ceiling reflectances
30 - 6.2.3 Influence of wall reflectances
30 - 6.2.4 Influence of floor reflectances
30 - 6.3 SURFACE REFLECTANCES FOR EFFICIENT LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
31 - 6.4 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CEILINGS
31 - 6.5 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR WALLS
31 - 6.6 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FLOORS
31 - 6.7 REFLECTANCES OF FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT
31 - 6.8 NATURE OF SURFACE FINISHES
31 - 6.9 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING SURFACE COLOURS
32 - 6.10 SUITABLE TYPES OF COLOUR
32 - 6.11 SUITABLE COLOUR SCHEMES
32 - 6.11.1 General
33 - 6.11.2 Unity and balance
33 - 6.11.3 Warm and cool colours
33 - 6.11.4 Minimizing distracting detail
33 - 6.11.5 Object colours
33 - 6.11.6 Task colour
33 - 6.12 COLOUR FOR IDENTIFICATION AND SAFETY
33 - 6.12.1 Basic principles
35 - 6.12.2 Standard safety colours
35 - 6.12.3 Colour for identification
35 - 6.13 AVOIDING DISTRACTING PATTERNS
36 - SECTION 7 LIGHT SOURCE COLOUR
36 - 7.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
36 - 7.2 COLOUR APPEARANCE OF SOURCES
36 - 7.3 COLOUR RENDERING
37 - 7.4 NATURE OF THE TASK
38 - 7.5 NATURE OF THE INTERIOR
38 - 7.5.1 General considerations
38 - 7.5.2 Interior colour schemes
38 - 7.6 COMPATIBILITY WITH DAYLIGHT
38 - 7.7 COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER LAMPS
38 - 7.8 MAINTENANCE
39 - SECTION 8 GLARE AND RELATED EFFECTS
39 - 8.1 INTRODUCTION
39 - 8.2 DISABILITY GLARE
39 - 8.3 GLARE FROM WINDOWS
39 - 8.4 DISCOMFORT GLARE FROM ELECTRIC LIGHTING
39 - 8.4.1 Factors influencing discomfort glare
39 - 8.4.2 Limitation of discomfort glare
41 - 8.4.3 Luminance limiting system
45 - 8.4.4 Cut-off angles
45 - 8.5 GLOOM IN INTERIORS
46 - 8.6 TRANSIENT ADAPTATION EFFECTS
49 - SECTION 9 LIGHT SOURCES, LUMINAIRES AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
49 - 9.1 SCOPE
49 - 9.2 DAYLIGHT
50 - 9.3 WINDOWS AND ROOFLIGHTS
50 - 9.4 ELECTRIC LAMPS
50 - 9.4.1 Types
50 - 9.4.2 Lamp characteristics
51 - 9.4.3 Control gear
51 - 9.4.4 Flicker
52 - 9.4.5 Stroboscopic effects
52 - 9.4.6 Innovations and trends
52 - 9.5 LUMINAIRES
52 - 9.5.1 Luminaire Standards
52 - 9.5.2 Luminaire characteristics
60 - 9.6 CONTROL SYSTEMS (FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING)
60 - 9.6.1 The function of control systems
60 - 9.6.2 Switching
60 - 9.6.3 Dimming
61 - SECTION 10 LIGHTING SYSTEMS
61 - 10.1 INTRODUCTION
61 - 10.2 DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS
61 - 10.2.1 General considerations
61 - 10.2.2 Windows
62 - 10.2.3 The use of windows
62 - 10.2.4 Rooflights
63 - 10.2.5 Use of rooflights
63 - 10.2.6 Glazing recommendations
63 - 10.2.7 Control of sunlight penetration
64 - 10.3 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SYSTEMS
64 - 10.3.1 General comments
64 - 10.3.2 General lighting systems
64 - 10.3.3 Localized general lighting systems
64 - 10.3.4 Local lighting systems
64 - 10.3.5 Environmental lighting systems
64 - 10.3.6 Emergency evacuation lighting systems
64 - 10.3.7 Safety lighting systems
64 - 10.3.8 Effect and atmosphere lighting systems
64 - 10.4 METHODS WHICH CAN BE APPLIED IN LIGHTING SYSTEMS
64 - 10.4.1 General comments
65 - 10.4.2 Direct lighting
65 - 10.4.3 Indirect lighting
66 - 10.4.4 Direct-indirect lighting
66 - 10.5 LOCATION OF LUMINAIRES
66 - 10.5.1 General
66 - 10.5.2 Illumination of ceilings
66 - 10.5.3 Illumination of walls
67 - 10.6 DAYLIGHT-ELECTRIC LIGHT INTEGRATION
67 - 10.7 ENERGY-EFFECTIVE LIGHTING
67 - 10.7.1 General comments
67 - 10.7.2 General measures for energy saving
68 - 10.7.3 Energy savings from reduction in electrical load
68 - 10.7.4 Energy savings from reduction in time of use
68 - 10.7.5 Energy calculations
70 - SECTION 11 LIGHTING DESIGN PROCEDURE
70 - 11.1 INTRODUCTION
70 - 11.2 OBJECTIVES
70 - 11.2.1 Introduction
71 - 11.2.2 Safety
71 - 11.2.3 Identifying visual tasks
71 - 11.2.4 Creating appearance and atmosphere
71 - 11.2.5 Priorities and constraints
71 - 11.3 SPECIFICATION
72 - 11.4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
72 - 11.4.1 Introduction
72 - 11.4.2 Room surfaces
72 - 11.4.3 Daylight
73 - 11.4.4 Choice of electric lighting systems
73 - 11.4.5 Choice of lamp and luminaire
75 - 11.4.6 Lighting system management
75 - 11.5 DETAILED DESIGN
76 - 11.6 APPRAISAL
77 - SECTION 12 MAINTENANCE OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
77 - 12.1 NEED FOR MAINTENANCE
78 - 12.2 LAMP LUMEN DEPRECIATION AND REPLACEMENT
79 - 12.3 DEPRECIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WINDOWS AND ROOFLIGHTS
79 - 12.3.1 Causes of light loss
79 - 12.3.2 Depreciation due to dirt
79 - 12.3.3 Maintenance of windows and rooflights
79 - 12.4 LUMINAIRE DEPRECIATION AND MAINTENANCE
79 - 12.4.1 Luminaire depreciation
80 - 12.4.2 Luminaire cleaning interval
82 - 12.4.3 Access for maintenance
82 - 12.5 MAINTENANCE OF ROOM SURFACES
82 - 12.5.1 Deterioration of room surfaces
83 - 12.5.2 Room surface cleaning interval
83 - 12.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
84 - 12.7 LIGHT LOSS FACTOR
84 - 12.7.1 Derivation
84 - 12.7.2 Use of light loss factor in illuminance calculations
84 - 12.7.3 Use of light loss factor to determine maintenance policies
84 - 12.8 MAINTENANCE MANUALS
85 - APPENDIX A - LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
87 - APPENDIX B - MEASUREMENT OF ILLUMINANCE
87 - B1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
87 - B2 MEASURING CONDITIONS
87 - B3 AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE AT A WORKSTATION
87 - B4 AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE IN AN INTERIOR
88 - B5 OTHER ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENTS
88 - B5.1 Scalar illuminance
88 - B5.2 Illumination vector
89 - APPENDIX C - NOTES ON THE USE OF UTILIZATION FACTOR TABLES BY THE LIGHTING DESIGNER
89 - C1 SCOPE OF APPENDIX
89 - C2 APPLICATION OF UTILIZATION FACTORS
89 - C3 ASSUMPTIONS USED IN UF TABLES
89 - C4 DEFINING THE MAIN ROOM SURFACES.
90 - C5 ROOM INDEX
90 - C6 THE AVERAGE REFLECTANCE OF A SURFACE
90 - C7 REFLECTANCES OF PRACTICAL ROOMS
91 - C8 MAXIMUM SPACING LIMITS FOR ACCEPTABLE UNIFORMITY
93 - C9 PRACTICAL LAYOUTS OF LUMINAIRES
94 - C10 USING A UTILIZATION FACTOR TABLE
95 - APPENDIX D - NOTES ON CHANGES TO ILLUMINANCE RECOMMENDATIONS
97 - APPENDIX E - BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

Sets out general principles and recommendations for the lighting of interiors of buildings. Applies primarily to interiors in which work is undertaken and takes into account both electric lighting and daylight. Object of recommendations is to produce a visual environment in which essential task details are made easy to see and adverse factors which may cause visual discomfort are either excluded or appropriately controlled. Does not deal with lighting for the purposes of decoration, display, entertainment, or sport.

This Standard sets out general principles and recommendations for the lighting of interiors of buildings. It applies primarily to interiors in which work is undertaken and takes into account both electric lighting and daylight. The recommendations have the object of producing a visual environment in which essential task details are made easy to see and adverse factors which may cause visual discomfort are either excluded or appropriately controlled.Recommendations for the lighting of particular interiors or activities are provided in the Standards which comprise AS 1680.2.The Standard does not deal with lighting for the purposes of decoration, display, entertainment or sport.NOTE: Attention is drawn to AS 2293.1 and AS 2293.2 which set out requirements for the lighting necessary to alleviate panic and to permit safe evacuation of the building occupants should this be required in the event of loss of the normal lighting.

First published as part of AS (E) CA501-1942.
Revised and redesignated AS CA30-1957.
Second edition 1965.
Revised and redesignated AS 1680-1976.
Revised and redesignated in part as AS 1680.1-1990.